WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

20.01.2015 Views

ong>WHOong> ong>monographsong> on selected medicinal plants Total ash Not more than 8.5% (1). Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.6% (1). Water-soluble extractive Not less than 28% (1). Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 6% (1). Loss on drying To be established in accordance with national requirements. Pesticide residues The recommended maximum limit of aldrin and dieldrin is not more than 0.05 mg/kg (12). For other pesticides, see the European pharmacopoeia (12) and the ong>WHOong> guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues (11) and pesticide residues (13). Heavy metals For maximum limits and analysis of heavy metals, consult the ong>WHOong> guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues (11). Radioactive residues Where applicable, consult the ong>WHOong> guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues (11). Chemical assays To be established in accordance with national requirements. Major chemical constituents A variety of primary and secondary constituents have been reported in the fruits of M. charantia. Characteristic constituents include sterols, triterpenes and bioactive proteins (- and - momorcharins; sterols (e.g. daucosterol); triterpenes, goyaglycosides a–h, goyasaponins I–III, cucurbitacins and their glycosides such as momordicosides E1, F1, F2, F–K. Gallic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin are the most frequently found low-molecular-weight phenolics (5, 14–20, 22, 23). Structures of representative major constituents are presented below. 194

Fructus Momordicae HO HO O All = Glc = OH HO HO OH OH -D-allopyranosyl O OH -D-glucopyranosyl O Xyl = OH HO OH -D-xylopyranosyl H CH 3 H 3 C H CH 3 R2 H H 3 C R1 H H O H CH 3 O H 3 C H CH 3 HO H O H 3 C CH 3 Glc H OHC H H H CH 3 H 3 C H 3 C CH 3 O R3 CH 3 O R R1 R2 R3 Momordicoside I Glc H H Momordicoside F2 All H H Momordicoside F1 Glc H CH 3 Momordicoside G All H CH 3 Goyaglycoside a Goyaglycoside b Glc All OCH 3 OCH 3 H H Goyaglycoside c Glc OCH 3 CH 3 Goyaglycoside d All OCH 3 CH 3 Goyaglycoside e All H Glc Goyaglycoside g All OCH 3 Glc Momordicoside K R = CH 3 Momordicoside L R = H H 3 C CH 3 H 3 C H CH 3 Glc H H O H 3 C All H O H CH 3 O Goyaglycoside f CH 3 O Glc HO OH H 3 C H OH H CH 3 H H HO H CH 3 O 3 C H 3 C H O O H H H OH Goyaglycoside h CH 3 OH Goyasaponin I H 3 C CH 3 R = H Goyasaponin II R = Xyl CH 3 H CH 3 O CO 2 H O H H CH 3 O O CH 3 OH H H 3 C CHO HO O HO HO O O HO O CH 3 HO O O OH OH OH O O O H 3 C OH O R CH 3 HO OH OH OH CH 3 H 3 C CO O H 3 C H CH 3 CH 3 CO 2 H H CH 3 CH 3 O 2 H H H O O O Glc O Xyl Goyasaponin III 195

F<strong>ru</strong>ctus Momordicae<br />

HO<br />

HO<br />

O<br />

All =<br />

Glc = OH<br />

HO<br />

HO<br />

OH<br />

OH<br />

-D-allopyranosyl<br />

O<br />

OH<br />

-D-glucopyranosyl<br />

O<br />

Xyl = OH<br />

HO<br />

OH<br />

-D-xylopyranosyl<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

H 3 C<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

R2<br />

H<br />

H 3 C<br />

R1<br />

H<br />

H O H CH 3<br />

O<br />

H 3 C<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

HO<br />

H O<br />

H 3 C CH 3 Glc<br />

H<br />

OHC H<br />

H<br />

H CH 3<br />

H 3 C<br />

H 3 C<br />

CH 3<br />

O<br />

R3<br />

CH 3<br />

O<br />

R<br />

R1 R2 R3<br />

Momordicoside I Glc H H<br />

Momordicoside F2 All H H<br />

Momordicoside F1 Glc H CH 3<br />

Momordicoside G All H CH 3<br />

Goyaglycoside a<br />

Goyaglycoside b<br />

Glc<br />

All<br />

OCH 3<br />

OCH 3<br />

H<br />

H<br />

Goyaglycoside c Glc OCH 3 CH 3<br />

Goyaglycoside d All OCH 3 CH 3<br />

Goyaglycoside e All H Glc<br />

Goyaglycoside g All OCH 3 Glc<br />

Momordicoside K R = CH 3<br />

Momordicoside L<br />

R = H<br />

H 3 C CH 3<br />

H 3 C<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

Glc<br />

H<br />

H<br />

O<br />

H 3 C<br />

All<br />

H O H CH 3<br />

O<br />

Goyaglycoside f<br />

CH 3<br />

O<br />

Glc<br />

HO<br />

OH<br />

H 3 C<br />

H OH<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

H<br />

H<br />

HO<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

O<br />

3 C<br />

H 3 C H<br />

O O<br />

H<br />

H<br />

H<br />

OH<br />

Goyaglycoside h<br />

CH 3<br />

OH<br />

Goyasap<strong>on</strong>in I<br />

H 3 C CH 3<br />

R = H<br />

Goyasap<strong>on</strong>in II<br />

R = Xyl<br />

CH 3<br />

H<br />

CH 3<br />

O<br />

CO 2 H<br />

O<br />

H H CH 3<br />

O O<br />

CH 3<br />

OH H<br />

H 3 C CHO HO O<br />

HO<br />

HO O O<br />

HO<br />

O<br />

CH 3<br />

HO O<br />

O<br />

OH<br />

OH OH<br />

O O O H 3 C<br />

OH O R CH 3<br />

HO<br />

OH OH OH<br />

CH 3 H 3 C<br />

CO<br />

O H 3 C<br />

H<br />

CH 3 CH 3<br />

CO 2 H<br />

H CH 3<br />

CH 3<br />

O 2 H H H<br />

O O<br />

O<br />

Glc O<br />

Xyl<br />

Goyasap<strong>on</strong>in III<br />

195

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