WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants - travolekar.ru

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Lichen Islandicus Definition Lichen Islandicus consists of the whole or cut dried thalli of Cetraria islandica (L.) Acharius s.l. (Parmeliaceae) (1). Synonyms Physcia islandica DC, Lichene islandicus L. (2). Selected vernacular names Al kharaza, Blätterflechte, brodmose, cetraria, broedmasa, erba rissa, Fieberflechte, Fiebermoos, focus, hazaz, Heideflechte, Iceland lichen, Iceland liver wort, Iceland moss, Icelandic moss, Isländische Flechte, Isländische Tartschenflechte, Isländisches Moos, kharaz assoukhour, lichen catharticus, lichen d’Islande, lichène islandico, líquén de islandia, Lungenmoos, matmasa, muscus, Purgiermoos, svinmasa (2–5). Geographical distribution Grows in northern, eastern and central Europe, Siberia and North America (5, 6). Description A lichen of approximately 10 cm in height, growing on the ground, the brown shrubby thallus lobed and forked, and with a fringed margin. Upper surface olive-green to brown, with occasional dark reddish brown copular apothecia, and the lower surface whitish-grey with numerous small, whitish depressed spots (5, 7). Plant material of interest: dried thalli General appearance Pieces of foliaceous lichen up to about 15 cm long, composed of numerous erect branches about 6 mm broad or more, in an unevenly developed dichotomy, consists of glabrous, groove-shaped or almost flat, stiff, brittle 140
Lichen Islandicus bands, 0.3–1.5 cm wide and 0.5 mm thick, sometimes serrated with the margin appearing ciliated (pycnidial) thick; lower surface pale greyish, with scattered small, white, ovoid, depressed spots; occasional, dark reddish-brown, cup-shaped, fruiting bodies (apothecia), about 6 mm in diameter, on the upper surface (greenish to greenish brown) near the margins; texture harsh, springy and brittle; on the apex of the terminal lobes, very rarely, there are brown, discoid apothecia (1). Organoleptic properties Odour: none; taste: mucilaginous and distinctly bitter (1). Microscopic characteristics Cut transversely, branches show upper and lower colourless cortical regions composed of closely-packed hyphae, appearing as small-celled pseudoparenchyma; below the upper cortex, the algal or gonidial layer containing numerous yellowish-green, subspherical cells of the alga Chlorococcum humicola; a central medulla with more closely-packed, greyish-brown hyphae filaments. Section through an apothecium shows a hymenium layer in the upper cortex with flask-shaped asci, each containing eight ascospores, separated by numerous, narrow, thread-like paraphyses (3). Powdered plant material A greyish brown powder, abundant fragments of pseudoparenchyma consisting of narrow-lumened, thick-walled hyphae from the marginal layer and wide-lumened hyphae from the adjacent layer consisting of loosely entwined hyphae, in the medullary zone of which, yellowish green algal cells about 15 m in diameter are embedded; occasionally marginal fragments of the thallus with tube-like or cylindrical spermogonia, up to about 160 m wide and 400 m long. Many of the particles stain blue-black with iodine water (1). General identity tests Macroscopic and microscopic examinations and microchemical tests (1, 3), thin-layer chromatography for characteristic lichen acid profile (1), and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of protolichesterinic and fumarprotocetraric acids (8). Purity tests Microbiological Tests for specific microorganisms and microbial contamination limits are as described in the <strong>WHO</strong> guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues (9). 141
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Contents Ramulus cum Uncis Uncariae
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Introduction Increasing role of the
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