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Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 5 (3) 1282-1297 July 2011, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) 1293 H-8). The presence of two peptide rings in the actinomycin structure was established by the presence of 3 amide signals at δ 8.19, 8.01 and 7.73. Also, the methyl groups of valine and sarcosine amino acids gave the signals at δ 2.9 (one methyl) and 2.86 (two methyl groups). Fig. 7. Growth and anticandidal activity of N.luteus as affected by the agitation rate. Isolation, purification and identification of the anticandidal component (s) : The TLC chromatogram for ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of Nocardioides luteus developed as 6 major bands. By testing their activity against C.albicans using paper disc assay method, they all showed considerable activity as shown in Table 3. The compound was subjected several times to chromatographic purification but it could not be obtained as a pure sample. The semi-pure compound was identified from its UV, IR, 1 H- NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra and comparing these spectra with published data (41) as derivative of the actinomycins class of compounds. Its UV spectrum showed maximum absorption (ë max in CH 3 OH) at 224, 427 and 444 nm. Its IR spectrum showed the characteristic peaks of NH group at 3433 cm -1 , aliphatic hydrogens (CH, CH 2 and CH 3 ) at 2966, 2924 and 2855 cm -1 . The amide group (CONH) signal appeared at 1648 cm -1 . The 1 H-NMR measurement showed the characteristic signals of the phenoxazone chromophore at δ 2.21 (CH 3 at position 4), 2.52 (CH 3 at position 6), 7.34 (d, H-7) and 7.61 (d, The 13 C-NMR measurement showed the characteristic signals of the phenoxazone chromophore at δ 7.8 (CH 3 at position 4) and δ 15.11 (CH 3 at position 6), in addition to the carbonyl group at δ 173.39 (C-3). The carbonyl signals in between δ110-140 were attributed to the other carbons of the phenoxazone group. The signals corresponding to the amide and lactone groups of the peptide system were detected in between δ 160-172 The actinomycins are a family of chromopeptide antibiotics, differing only in the amino acids present in the pentapeptide chains, which are elaborated by certain members of order Actinomycetales. Actinomycin was first isolated from a culture of Streptomyces antibioticus by Waksman and Woodruff (40,41). It was the first antibiotic to be produced after penicillin. The various products have been designated A, B, C, D, I, J, and X(42,43,44). It has been shown, however, that these actinomycins were not homogeneous substances but consisted of a number of closely related biologically active components. Evidence also suggested that the A, B, D, and X complexes might consist of identical components but differ in the relative amount of each component present. Structural studies have revealed that the actinomycin molecule is composed of two polypeptides linked to a chromophoric quinonoid moiety which is the same for all components. Differences in the components of an actinomycin complex or of different complexes are due to variations in the number, arrangement, and kinds of amino acids present in the peptides. El-Refai et al
Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 5 (3) 1282-1297 July 2011, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online) 1294 Since its discovery by Waksman and Woodruff in 1940, actinomycin was obtained from the culture media of a number of actinomycetes species; Streptomyces, Actinoplanes and Micromonospora by various investigators and was isolated in crystalline form. Yet, this is the first time it was reported to be isolated from a Nocardioides sp not to mention, Nocardioides luteus. Cytotoxicity assay : Due to the broad spectrum of the activity of the culture filtrate extract and its activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used as biological model to establish the cytotoxicity and cytostaticity of natural and/ or synthetic chemical compounds (43,44) as well as our discovery that it belonged to actinomycins class, we carried out cytotoxicity tests against different human tumor cell lines to support the previous data. Knowing that antitumor antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are among the most important cancer chemotherapeutic agents including members of the anthracycline, bleomycin, actinomycin, mitomycin and aureolic acid families (45,46), we extended our scheme to test the antitumor activity of the extract produced by the experimental Nocardioides luteus. It showed significant antitumor activity against the tested human cancer cell lines surpassing doxorubicin’s activity in most cases. The IC 50 of crude extract, semi-pure compound on different human tumor cell lines compared to doxorubicin is illustrated in Table 4. References 1. Baltz, R.H. (2008). Renaissance in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 8:557- 563. 2. Ganesan, A. (2008). The impact of natural products upon modern drug discovery. Current opinion in chemical biology, 12:306-317. 3. Lam, K.S. (2007). New aspects of natural products in drug discovery. Trends in Microbiology, 15(6):279-289. 4. Challis, G.L. and Hopwood, D.A. (2003). Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 25:14555-14561. 5. Ruan, S. and Hsueh, P. (2009). Invasive Candidiasis: An Overview from Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 108(6):443-451. 6. Lewis, F.J., May, E., Bravery, A.F. (1985). Isolation and enumeration of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria from decayed stone. In Felix, G. (ed.), Proceedings of the 5 th international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone. Lausanne, Switzerland. Press Polytechniques Romandes, pp. 633-641. 7. Kuster, E. and Williams, S.T. (1964). Selection of media for isolation of Streptomycetes. Nature, 202:9928-9929. 8. El-Nakeeb, M.A. and Lechavalier, H.A. (1962). Selective isolation of aerobic actinomycetes. J Appl Microbiol. 2:75-77. 9. Williams, S.T. and Wellington, E.M.H. (1982). Actinomycetes. In Page, A.L., et al. (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties (2nd edition), American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 969-987. 10. Pridham, T.G. and Lyons Jr., A.T. (1961). Streptomyces albus (Rossi Doria) Waksman and Henrici: Taxonomic study of strains labeled Streptomyces albus. J Bacteriol. 81:431-441. Studies on the production of actinomycin by Nocardioides luteus
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(December 7-9, 2011) Venue: Karunya
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