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THE JOURNAL OF ADHESIVE DENTISTRY Editors-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Jean-François Roulet Escher Str. 9 FL 9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein Tel: ++423 232 1632 Fax: ++423 239 4632 Mobile phone +41 79 311 4673 E-mail: jfroulet@aol.com Submit the manuscripts and illustrations preferably through: www. manuscriptmanager.com/jadd Or mail to: Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, Juliane Richter The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, Ifenpfad 2-4, D-12107 Berlin, Germany Editorial Board Antonson, S. (USA) Assmussen, E. (Denmark) Attal, J.-P. (France) Bayne, S. (USA) Blatz, M. (USA) Blunck, U. (Germany) Bouillaguet S. (Switzerland) Brabant, A. (Belgium) Burrow, M. (Australia) Burtscher, P. (Liechtenstein) Carvalho, R. (Brazil) Cognard, J. (Switzerland) Creugers, N. (Netherlands) Davidson, C.L. (Netherlands) Dejou, J. (France) Dietschi, D. (Switzerland) Eliades, G. (Greece) Erickson, R.L. (USA) Ferracane, J. (USA) Ferrari, M. (Italy) Finger, W. (Germany) Frankenberger, R. (Germany) Fuzzi, M. (Italy) Glantz, P.-O. (Sweden) Heintze, S. (Liechtenstein) Hickel, R. (Germany) Jacobsen, T. (Sweden) Jahn, K.-R. (Germany) Janda, R. (Germany) Kern, M. (Germany) Kreulen, C. (Netherlands) Kugel, G. (USA) Kulmer, S. (Austria) Kunzelmann, K.-H. (Germany) Lambrechts, P. (Belgium) Liebenberg, W. H. (Canada) Lynch E. (Irland) Macorra de la, J.C. (Spain) Matsumura, H. (Japan) Mehl, A. (Germany) Momoi, Y. (Japan) Munksgaard, Ch. (Denmark) Nakabayashi, N. (Japan) Navarro, F. (Brazil) Nikaido, T. (Japan) Noack, M.J. (Germany) Özcan, M. (Netherlands) Pashley, D. H. (USA) Paul, S. J. (Switzerland) Perdigao, J. (USA) Peutzfeld, A. (Denmark) Powers, J. M. (USA) Prati, C. (Italy) Qvist, V. (Denmark) Ruse, D. (Canada) Salz, U. (Liechtenstein) Samama, Y. (France) Sano, H. (Japan) Schultz, J. (France) Senda A. (Japan) Simonsen, R.J. (USA) Söderholm, K.-J. (USA) Spreafico, R. (Italy) Städtler, P. (Austria) Suzuki, S. (USA) Tay, F. (China) Thompson, V. P. (USA) Toreskog, S. (Sweden) Triolo, P. T. (USA) Tyas, M. J. (Australia) Vallittu, P. (Finland) Van Noort, R. (United Kingdom) Vargas, M. (USA) Watson, T. (United Kingdom) Wilson, N. H. F. (United Kingdom) Statistical Consultant Fischer T. H. (Germany) Hopfenmüller, W. (Germany) ISSN 1461-5185 Prof. Bart Van Meerbeek Catholic University of Leuven Department of Conservative Dentistry Kapucijnenvoer 7 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Tel: ++32 16 337587 Fax: ++32 16 332752 E-mail: Bart.Vanmeerbeek@ med.kuleuven.ac.be The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry publishes scientifically sound articles of interest to practitioners and researchers in the field of adhesion to hard and soft dental tissues. Included are clinical and basic science research reports based on original research in adhesive dentistry and related subjects, review articles on topics related to adhesive dentistry, as well as invited focus articles with commentaries. The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry is Indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Alerting Services, and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine. Subscription/Manuscript Information Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., Grafton Road, New Malden, Surrey KT3 3AB, Great Britain Phone: +44(0)20 8949 6087 Fax: +44(0)20 8336 1484 E-mail: info@quintpub.co.uk Germany, Austria, Switzerland by Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, Ifenpfad 2–4, D-12107 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49-30-761 80-5, Fax: +49-30-761 80-680, E-mail: info@quintessenz.de, Web site: http://www.quintessenz.de No. and So. America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia by Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., 4350 Chandler Drive Hanover Park, Illinois 60133, USA Phone: (630) 736-3600, Fax: (630) 736-3632 E-mail: service@quintbook.com Web site: http://www.quintpub.com Publisher H. W. Haase Publishing Director Johannes Wolters E-mail: jwolters@quintpub.co.uk Manuscript Editor Kathleen Splieth Production Manager Karin Wintonowycz Subscription Managers Angela Köthe Germany, Austria, Switzerland Andrew Johnson All other countries Advertising Sales Manager Sabrina Kwiatkowski The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry is published by Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., Grafton Road, New Malden, Surrey KT3 3AB, Great Britain. Court domicile and place of performance: London, Great Britain. Subscription rates (6 issues per year) Europa: Individual € 148/£ 106; Institutional € 248/£ 177; Student € 68/£ 51; Single copy € 28/£ 25. Airmail: Individual £ 110; Institutional £ 174; Student £ 62. Single copy £ 30. North America and rest of the world: individual $ 232; Institutional $ 360; Student $100. Single copy $ 50. (Student verification must accompany order.) Subscriptions may begin at any time; cancellations must be received one month prior to expiration date. Please allow 6 weeks for any change of address notification to be processed. Claims for missing journals will be serviced only within 6 months of publication date. Otherwise, single copy price will be charged on missing issues. Postmaster: Send address changes to Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., Grafton Road, New Malden, Surrey KT3 3AB, Great Britain; or Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, Ifenpfad 2–4, D-12107 Berlin, Germany. Copyright© 2007 by Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. No parts of this journal may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether transiently or incidentally to some other use of this journal) without the written permission of the publisher except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 0LP. Application for the copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this journal should be addressed to the publisher. The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts. All opinions are those of the authors. Permission to photocopy items solely for internal or personal use and for the internal and personal use of specific clients is granted by Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd. Advertising Policy All advertising appearing in the Journal of Adhesive Dentistry must be approved by the Editors/Editorial Board. The publication of an advertisement is not to be construed as an endorsement of approval by JAD or its publisher. Printed in Germany Web edition: jad.quintessenz.de
Dental Adhesives …. How it All Started and Later Evolved Karl-Johan M. Söderholm a Abstract: This article describes how dental adhesives evolved from the cements developed by the Mayan Indians into today’s modern dental adhesives. Particular attention is paid to Oskar Hagger, a chemist who worked for DeTrey/Amalgamated Dental Company, and already in 1949 developed an adhesive product called Sevriton Cavity Seal. That adhesive was acidic and interacted with the tooth surface on a molecular level. His ground-breaking concept makes him the true “Father of Modern Dental Adhesives.” Hagger’s concept was soon adopted by other investigators, and different generations of dental adhesives evolved thereafter. Today, after many years of accepting that the key to the success of dental adhesives is the micromechanical retention resulting from acid etching of dentin and enamel, we still return to Dr. Hagger’s original concept that bonding can be achieved via molecular interactions between adhesives and tooth surfaces. That concept is obvious in the development of newer generations of dentin adhesives. These adhesives, like Sevriton Cavity Seal, rely on acidic monomers capable of etching and interacting on a molecular level with tooth surfaces in order to form physical/chemical bonds between the restoration and the tooth. Whether Hagger’s concept will become the norm in the future is still an open question, but one thing is certain: Hagger’s idea is still very much alive. Keywords: review, generations, clinical evaluations. J Adhes Dent 2007; 9: 227-230. Submitted for publication: 15.12.06; accepted for publication: 4.1.07. a Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Paper presented at Satellite Symposium on Dental Adhesives, Dublin, September 13th, 2006. Reprint requests: Prof. Karl-Johan M. Söderholm, Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610-0446, USA. Tel: +1-352-392-0575, Fax: +1-352-392-7808. e-mail: ksoderholm@dental.ufl.edu In 1955, Buonocore published a paper entitled “A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces”. 15 That paper is often regarded as the foundation of adhesive dentistry, and today that paper is the 17th most cited paper published in the Journal of Dental Research since March of 1919. Buonocore’s paper 15 clearly outlined different approaches to obtain bonding between filling materials and tooth structure. These approaches included: (a) the development of new materials which have adhesive properties, (b) modification of present materials to make them adhesive, (c) the use of coatings as adhesive interface materials between filling and tooth, and (d) the alteration of the tooth surface by chemical treatment to produce a new surface to which present materials might adhere. In the 1955 paper, Buonocore focused on the (d) alternative by targeting enamel bonding. He believed that treatment of intact enamel surfaces would have only limited application to the broader problems of restorative dentistry. He focused on enamel etching because he had found that phosphoric acid or preparations containing phosphoric acid had been used to treat metal surfaces in order to obtain better adhesion of paint and different resin coatings. Obviously, Buonocore used knowledge from other disciplines and transferred that knowledge to dentistry. What Buonocore did not seem to consider was that the Mayan Indians in pre-Columbian times had used acidic cements to attach their semi-precious stone inlays. 20 He also forgot to consider that several acidic cements had been used by dentists more than a hundred years before he invented acid etching, 27 and that a common zinc phosphate cement was a mixture of zinc oxide and phosphoric acid. 37 It was well known that during setting, these cements remained acidic. 40 What Buonocore forgot was that these cements were also able to etch tooth surfaces and increase the surface roughness. During setting, formed setting compounds grew into the surface roughnesses created by the acidic cement. Because of mechanical interlocking between tooth, cement, and crown, retention of the cemented restoration could be achieved. Considering that the Maya were the first to use acidic cements, a legitimate question is whether Buonocore really was the one who invented acid etching or if that honor shouldn’t go to the Maya. Buonocore’s true contribution was that he opened our eyes to make us aware of Vol 9, Supplement 2, 2007 227
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