The complexiTy of resource governance in a conTexT of sTaTe ... - Ipis

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4 International Alert List of Acronyms AFM Administrateur de Foyer Minier AMIKI Association Minière du Kivu sprl ANR Agence Nationale de Renseignement Bn Battalion CaMi Cadastre Minier CAR Central African Resources CEEC Centre d’Evaluation, d’Expertise et de Certification des substances minérales précieuses et sémi précieuses DGM Direction Générale des Migrations DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EC European Commission FARDC Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo FDLR Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda Gemico Générale des Mines du Congo HR Human rights IDP Internally displaced person IGMC Ituri Gold Mining Company IPIS International Peace Information Service JV Joint venture KGL Kilo Goldmines Ltd MGL Minière des Grands Lacs MONUC Mission de l’ONU en RD Congo (UN Mission in Democratic Republic of the Congo) MONUSCO Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en RD Congo (UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission in Democratic Republic of the Congo) MPA Metal Processing Association MPC Mining Processing Congo NDJOKAM Société Ndjoka Agro-Minière NGO Non-governmental organisation OCC Office Congolais de Contrôle OCHA UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OECD Organisation for Economic Coordination and Development OFIDA Office des Douanes et Accises OKIMO Office des mines d’or de Kilo-Moto PABG Pan African Business Group PE Permis d’exploitation PK Point kilomètre PNC Police Nationale Congolaise PPRD Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie PR Permis de recherches RCD Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie SAESSCAM Service d’Assistance et d’Encadrement du Small-Scale Mining Sakima Société Aurifère du Kivu-Maniema SNCC Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo SOMINDO Société Minière de Ndonga Sominki Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu SSR Security sector reform UN United Nations UNDP UN Development Programme WBK Wa Balengela Kasai-Investments Congo sprl ZER Zone exclusive de recherches
The complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: An analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands 5 Executive Summary i) Background context The report ‘Mining activity and mineral trade in the Kivu hinterland’ was commissioned by the Directorate General for Development (DG DEV) of the European Commission and aims to fill an information gap by identifying the principal mining sites and analysing the trade networks of the ‘eastern hinterland’ of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), located in Maniema, North Katanga and Orientale Province, and the transport networks from these territories to the regional hubs of Bukavu, Goma, Butembo and Bunia. Following constant reports of insecurity and human rights violations related to mining activity in the Kivu provinces and Ituri over the past years, the mining sector in these areas has been the subject of several publications. In these texts, the conflict-ridden Kivu provinces are generally depicted as a region beyond the control of the state where shadow economies thrive (an analysis with which Congolese President Joseph Kabila seemed to agree when he suspended all mining activities in North Kivu, South Kivu and Maniema on 11th September 2010). However, whether these shadow economies extend into other important mining areas bordering the Kivus and Ituri is unclear since little documentation exists on production circuits in the hinterland west of the Kivus. It was therefore felt that investigating the specific problems and opportunities of the mining sector in these less-known areas would be worthwhile. The report is built around three chapters: the first examines mining activity in Northern Katanga; the second looks at Maniema territory on the east bank of the Congo River; and the third surveys the mining sector in Bafwasende and Mambasa territories in Orientale Province. Each chapter follows the same structure. In a first section, the mineral resources of the area in question are discussed. In a second, the most important mines are presented. The third section deals with the mining sector: the traders, transport, mining companies, etc. The fourth section examines human rights violations, and the involvement of armed groups and the Congolese national army in mining areas. As an integral part of this study, three detailed maps are published online at: www.ipisresearch.be/maps/hinterland/Katanga/web/index.html www.ipisresearch.be/maps/hinterland/Orientale/web/index.html www.ipisresearch.be/maps/hinterland/Maniema/web/index.html Besides the locations of mining sites discussed in this report, these maps show information on ownership, militia or army involvement, numbers of artisanal miners, mineral prices and several other important variables. Guidelines on their use are available online at the same webpage. Besides an array of other sources, each of the three main chapters builds on these maps. ii) Key findings • The hinterland region is by no means inferior to the Kivus in terms of mineral production. Maniema accounts for a considerable share of the cassiterite arriving in Bukavu and Goma, the main trade centres; Northern Katanga is the most important supplier of coltan to Bukavu
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International Alert. 346 Clapham Ro
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