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32 International Alert Kampene is an important gold-mining area in the south of Pangi. Cassiterite, coltan and wolframite are also exploited, but in smaller quantities. About 1,100 creuseurs are working in the area, spread over several mining sites, such as Nyangulube, Kamilanga, Baseme and Kalemba. West of Kampene is Kama, another important gold mining area where 1,500 artisanal miners work, for example in Kabobola and Wamanga. In the north of Kasongo territory lies Bikenge, Maniema’s second largest gold-mining area after Salamabila, with more than 4,000 creuseurs. The area is closely linked to Kama as an export route due to its proximity. FARDC soldiers, commanded by Captain “John”, are reportedly present in the mines. The most important gold-mining area is around Salamabila, in north Kabambare, where Banro Corporation’s Namoya concession is located. About 8,000 artisanal miners work in the mines, digging for gold, cassiterite and coltan. Among the mines are Mwendamboko, Filon B and Kakula. Further south, around Kabambare, there is some small-scale mining activity, for coltan and especially cassiterite. Four hundred miners work at the cassiterite mines of Malota. Both FARDC troops and Rahiya Mutomboki rebels have been reported on the area’s mining sites. 2.3 General analysis of the mineral trade Transport infrastructure The degeneration of transport infrastructure in Maniema has turned the province into a true enclave. 87 The wars of 1996 and 1998 destroyed most of the remaining road network, impeding development and the free flow of agricultural and mineral products. 88 Historically, the railway was the means by which minerals were exported from the province. Sominki transported ore by road from Kalima to Kindu, where it was loaded on the train to Kalemie, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. In 1998, however, the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo (SNCC) ceased activities because of the war, and only one train arrives in Kindu every few months. 89 Maniema’s roads are mostly impassable. Of the province’s 8,700 km network, 5,300 km are mere pathways and only 177 km paved, but in very bad condition. 90 Consequently, most territories are isolated from each other and for this reason most of the mineral production exits not from Maniema’s main town, Kindu, but from airstrips across the province to the DRC’s eastern border towns. Kindu’s role in the mineral trade has become very limited, and the province as a whole profits little from its mineral wealth. Comptoirs and négociants Only a small number of comptoirs have a presence in Maniema. Goma-based comptoirs JMT/ TTT (JMT has changed its name to TTT) 91 and Tengen Metal Congo have offices in Kindu, and GMC in Punia and Kalima. 92 TTT is also present in Punia and seems to be the province’s most important comptoir. Tengen Metal indicates it is considering shutting its Kindu office. 93 87 Maniema province is termed an enclave because it is isolated from other provinces and the supply of commodities which have to be flown in. 88 IPIS, unpublished UN Environmental Programme commissioned report 2010. 89 ‘La BAD vole au secours de la SNCC agonisante avec un apport de 14 millions USD pour soutenir les réformes de relance de cette entreprise’, L’Observateur, 15th May 2009. 90 RDC Ministère du Plan, Monographie de la province du Maniema, March 2004, pp. 51-52. 91 Division des Mines de la province du Nord Kivu, Rapport Annuel 2008. 92 Division des Mines de la province du Maniema, Rapport Annuel 2009. 93 Interview, CEEC officials, Kindu, July 2010.
The complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: An analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands 33 Table 7: Commercialisation figures of Maniema’s comptoirs (kg) Cassiterite 2007 Cassiterite 2008 Cassiterite 2009 Cassiterite January- June/2010 Coltan 2008 Coltan 2009 GMC Punia - - 40,500 A - - - GMC – Kalima - - 5100 A - - - JMT 289,100 A 475,066 A - - 1,806 A - TTT Kindu - - 496,000 A 166,500 B - - TTT Punia - - 182,400 A - 8,750 A Tengen Metal Congo - - 10,950 A 39,850 B - - A: CEEC statistics B: OCC statistics Sources: • CEEC, Statistiques générales sur la production et la commercialisation des substances minérales précieuses et semi-précieuses au Maniema, 2007–09 • OCC, Exportation 2009, handwritten document, received July 2010. A number of négociants are active in the province, selling ores directly to comptoirs in DRC border towns. In Goma and Bukavu, MPC and Olive reportedly buy in Kalima and Kasese; MDM and Panju in Kasese; Muyeye in Kasese and Lubutu; and Cotracom and Namukaya in Bikenge. 94 According to the CEEC, comptoirs in Maniema exported 27.4 percent of the province’s cassiterite production in 2009, while the rest was transported by négociants to the border towns. This was only 15.1 percent in 2008 and 17.2 percent a year earlier. 95 Transporters and freight companies Maniema Union is a private transport company in Kindu whose head is the FARDC land force chief of staff, General Gabriel Amisi, also known as Tango Four. Amisi is a former RCD officer who integrated into the FARDC in July 2003. 96 Maniema Union owns whaleboats (baleinières) 97 and lorries, and also charters aircrafts. 98 Although officially a freight company, 99 it also buys minerals and is a significant actor in ore transport from Kalima to Goma: by road from Kalima to Kindu, and by plane to Goma. 100 Agefreco was founded in Bukavu in 1998 and flies between Bukavu and several Maniema towns with cargo and passengers. The company was cited in the UN Group of Experts reports of 2007 and 2008 for carrying ore from Namoya to Bukavu. During the field research, Agefreco was reportedly transporting minerals from Kalima, Kama and Bikenge. Mining companies The other important actors in the local mineral trade are the mining companies. Some have limited their activities to the commercialisation of minerals mined artisanally on their concessions. Sominki was the first to apply this method after industrial exploitation collapsed following the tin price crashes of 1987 and 1991. 101 94 IPIS ‘Comptoirs 2008’ table, at http://www.ipisresearch.be/mining-sites-kivus.php; G. Mthembu-Salter (2009), op. cit.; interview, Sakima director Feruzi Mukonde, June 2010; field research by IPIS’ partners in Maniema. 95 CEEC, Statistiques Générales sur la production et la commercialisation des substances minérales précieuses et semi-précieuses au Maniema 2007-2009. 96 J. Stearns, The art of Mai-Mai negotiating, 8th February 2010 at: http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2010/02/art-of-mai-mai-negotiating.html 97 ‘Kindu: voyage inaugural du bateau MV/Malela vers Ubundu’, Radio Okapi, 19th December 2008. 98 In 2005, for example, a Victoria Air Antonov 12 on its way from Goma to Kindu crashed near Bitale. The aircraft was reportedly chartered by Maniema Union. See Amnesty International, Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the east, July 2005, p. 64. 99 Dynamique Debout Maniema, Acteurs de Développement au Maniema. October 2008. 100 Interview, NGO observers Kindu, June 2010. One documented example can be found in ‘Kindu: saisie de deux tonnes de cassitérite’, Radio Okapi, 17th January 2008. 101 G. Mthembu-Salter (2009), op. cit.
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