The complexiTy of resource governance in a conTexT of sTaTe ... - Ipis

The complexity of resource governance in a context of state fragility: An analysis of the mining sector in the Kivu hinterlands
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Gold
A key area for gold is located in southern Maniema. The tail of the “Golden Furrow” running
from Twangiza, over Kamituga and Lugushwa to Namoya, can be found in the territories of
Kabambare, northwest Kasongo and southwest Pangi. It includes, among others, the mining areas
in Namoya-Salamabila, Bikenge, Kama and Kampene.
Diamonds
A smaller amount of gold production occurs in Maniema’s northern territories. Lubutu and
the northern part of Punia contain several gold-mining sites. This area also used to produce a
considerable quantity of diamonds. In recent years however, this production has experienced a
setback as miners turn increasingly to cassiterite. Kibombo territory, on the Congo River’s left
bank, also contains diamond deposits.
Coltan
Punia currently seems to be the only territory where coltan is exploited in significant quantities.
Prices
The prices négociants pay artisanal miners for their minerals vary according to transport costs,
purity and competition. The table below gives an overview of the range encountered during the
research. More detail on pricing at individual mines can be found on the accompanying map.
Table 5: Minimum and maximum prices paid to miners in the mines featured on
the accompanying map.
Cassiterite Coltan Gold
Minimum 2,000 FC*/Kg 8,000 FC/Kg 20,000 FC/g**
Average 4,508 FC/Kg 13,333 FC/Kg 28,904 FC/g
Maximum 5,500 FC/Kg 17,000 FC/Kg 40,000 FC/g***
* US$1 = slightly under 900 Francs Congolais (exchange rate of June 2010)
** Data received in grams ( 1g = 0.806 k)
*** The maximum gold price recorded by local researchers is impossibly high (above world market prices). The most likely cause is confusion
between the many different gold measures. Because there are a few of these outliers in the data collected, we assume the average gold price
is significantly lower than the figure shown in the table.
Production
Information on Maniema’s mining sector is scarce compared to the Kivu provinces. 75 This makes
it difficult to obtain reliable statistics on the province’s production figures.
Table 6: Production figures
Wolframite (kg) Coltan (kg) Cassiterite (kg) Gold (kg) Diamonds
(carats)
CEEC 2007 106,638 70 2,272,282 7,495.5 21.71
CEEC 2008 138,540 1,906 3,142,124 8,267.9 40.8
SAESSCAM 2008 56,513 13,900 1,456,449.5 3,975.9 6.75
CEEC 2009 73,604 8,750 3,239,301 15,035 /
Division des Mines
2009
141,974 9,050 2,578,717 16,983.5 686
Sources:
• Annual report 2009, Division des Mines de la province du Maniema.
• Maniema Libertés, Rapport sur la revisitation des contrats miniers au Maniema, commissioned by OSISA, January 2008.
• Draft report by Theophile Vivi Kalombo
• CEEC, Statistiques générales sur la production et la commercialisation des substances minérales précieuses et
semi-précieuses au Maniema, 2007–09
75 International Alert (2010), op. cit.