About International Alert International Alert is an <strong>in</strong>dependent peacebuild<strong>in</strong>g organisation that has worked for over 20 years to lay the foundations for last<strong>in</strong>g peace and security <strong>in</strong> communities affected by violent conflict. Our multifaceted approach focuses both <strong>in</strong> and across various regions; aim<strong>in</strong>g to shape policies and practices that affect peacebuild<strong>in</strong>g; and help<strong>in</strong>g build skills and capacity through tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. Our field work is based <strong>in</strong> Africa, South Asia, the South Caucasus, Lat<strong>in</strong> America, Lebanon and the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es. Our thematic projects work at local, regional and <strong>in</strong>ternational levels, focus<strong>in</strong>g on crosscutt<strong>in</strong>g issues critical to build<strong>in</strong>g susta<strong>in</strong>able peace. <strong>The</strong>se <strong>in</strong>clude bus<strong>in</strong>ess and economy, gender, <strong>governance</strong>, aid, security and justice. We are one <strong>of</strong> the world’s lead<strong>in</strong>g peacebuild<strong>in</strong>g NGOs with more than 125 staff based <strong>in</strong> London and our 13 field <strong>of</strong>fices. To learn more, visit www.<strong>in</strong>ternational-alert.org. This research is funded by the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility <strong>of</strong> International Alert and can <strong>in</strong> no way be regarded as reflect<strong>in</strong>g the po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> the European Union. About IPIS IPIS seeks to be a key reference worldwide for all <strong>in</strong>formation related to our three core themes <strong>of</strong> research: arms trade, the exploitation <strong>of</strong> natural <strong>resource</strong>s and corporate social responsibility <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to enhance our reputation as a necessary and <strong>in</strong>dependent source <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation, we aim at two objectives: to expand our unique field expertise which dist<strong>in</strong>guishes us from other research <strong>in</strong>stitutes; to observe the highest quality standards for the output <strong>of</strong> our research. IPIS <strong>in</strong>deed wants to transform its field expertise <strong>in</strong>to tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g activities, brief<strong>in</strong>gs, dossiers and reports that excel <strong>in</strong> objectivity, soundness, clarity and usefulness. As a pluralistic and impartial NGO we put our extensive network and expertise to the service <strong>of</strong> organisations and <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>of</strong> all ideological and religious persuasions, provided they are committed to peace, human rights and development <strong>in</strong> the South. That way we provide the <strong>in</strong>formational component necessary for all actions aimed at peace and development. Our sources <strong>in</strong> African countries stretch from the grassroots level to the elites, which guarantees the balanced perspective on the South that we wish to convey. © International Alert 2010 All rights reserved. No part <strong>of</strong> this publication may be reproduced, stored <strong>in</strong> a retrieval system or transmitted <strong>in</strong> any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy<strong>in</strong>g, record<strong>in</strong>g or otherwise, without full attribution. Layout by D. R. Ink, <strong>in</strong>fo@d-r-<strong>in</strong>k.com Front cover image: Diggers prepar<strong>in</strong>g a pit for artisanal exploitation at 100 Kg / Mayi Baridi, a coltan m<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Kalemie Territory, Northern Katanga (IPIS, 2010)
<strong>The</strong> complexity <strong>of</strong> <strong>resource</strong> <strong>governance</strong> <strong>in</strong> a context <strong>of</strong> state fragility: An analysis <strong>of</strong> the m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g sector <strong>in</strong> the Kivu h<strong>in</strong>terlands