Human Rights 1 - Vikram University

Post-Graduate Degree Core Paper 1 

HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF 

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

Objective: 

This paper proposes to provide instruction on theoretical, conceptual, historical and 

other general aspects of human rights and duties. It encompasses philosophical and 

historical foundations, concept of rights and duties, theories of rights and duties, global 

and Indian perspectives, concept of the rule of law, co-relationships of rights and duties, 

and concept and classification of human duties and responsibilities. 

Course Content 

1. PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND 

DUTIES 

(i) Philosophical Foundations 

(a) Human society: man and society 

(b) Needs of Humankind: material, spiritual 

(ii) Historical Development 

Magna Carta, British Bill of Rights, French and American Declarations, 

International Bill of Rights. 

2. THE CONCEPT OF RIGHTS 

(i) Meaning, nature and definition 

(ii) Classification of rights 

3. THEORIES OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

(i) Natural rights theory 

(ii) Liberal theory of rights 

(iii) Legal/positive theory of rights 

(iv) Marxist theory of rights 

4. GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN RIGHTS 

(i) Global Perspectives 

(ii) 'Third World' Perspectives 

(iii) Indian Perspectives on Human Rights 

5. RULE OF LAW 

6. CO-RELATIONSHIP OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

(i) Relationship between rights and duties 

(ii) Relationship between obligations and responsibilities in relation to the state 

and society

7. HUMAN DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 

(i) Concept of Human Duties and Responsibilities 

(a) Moral, ethical, social, economic, political and cultural 

(b) Universal 

(c) Traditional/modern 

(ii) Classification of Human Duties and Responsibilities 

(a) Sound Body and Mind 

(b) Family 

(c) Community and society 

(d) Nation-State 

(e) Humankind and other living beings 

(f) Mother Earth


Objective: 

HUMAN RIGHTS : THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 

The focus of this paper is on the development of international concern for human rights 

and of norms and institutional mechanisms at the international and regional levels. 

Through nine units, it deals with the emergence of international and regional concern for 

human rights; emergence of diverse international instruments on rights and duties; the 

role of the United Nations; some specific rights such as self-determination, freedom from 

discrimination, freedom from torture, right of women, and rights of the child; European 

Convention; American Convention; African Charter and developments in Asian Region. 


1. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE UNITED NATIONS 

Normative and institutional framework of the United Nations: Role of the UN 

General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its commissions and 

sub-commissions 

2. THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF RIGHTS 

(i) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 

(ii) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 

(iii) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 

3. SOME SPECIFIC RIGHTS 

(i) Right of the peoples and nations to self-determination: 

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

1960, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly 

Relations and Cooperation among States 1970 (fifth principle), Declaration on 

the Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 1962, Declaration of a New 

International Economic Order 1974, Charter of Economic Rights and Duties 1974 

(ii) Freedom from discrimination 

Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965, onvention 

on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1972 and 

Convention against Apartheid in Sports 1985, UN Declaration on Elimination of 

all Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination based on Religion or Belief 1987, 

UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice 1978, UNESCO Declaration 

of Principles on Tolerance 1995 

(iii) Freedom from Torture 

Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 

1948,Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to 

Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984 

(iv) Rights of Women 

ILO Conventions on Equal Remuneration (1951) and Discrimination in 

Employment (1958), Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination 

against Women 1979, Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons 

and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others 1949 

(v) Rights of the Child UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, ILO 

Convention on Child Labour 1999 

4. EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 

5. AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 1969 

6. AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLE'S RIGHTS 

7. DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIAN REGION


Objective: 

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA 

Societal problems of human rights are sought to be dealt with through six units. They 

encompass concept and approaches, and a special focus on social, economic, political, 

health and cultural problems that underlie human rights deprivations in Indian society. 


1. CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES 

(i) Concept of societal problems and human rights 

(ii) Theoretical approaches to social problems and social changes 

(iii) Causes and types of social problems

2. SOCIAL PROBLEMS 

(i) Problems of hierarchy 

(ii) Problems of minorities, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes 

(iii) Population explosion 

(iv) Violence against women and children 

(v) Problems of aged and disabled 

3. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 

(i) Poverty and unemployment 

(ii) Privatization, liberalization and globalization 

(iii) Corruption, consumer rights 

(iv) Problems of sustainable development 

4. POLITICAL PROBLEMS 

(i) Regionalism, terrorism 

(ii) Assaults on democracy 

5. HEALTH PROBLEMS 

Negligence, mismanagement and lack of access to public health care, 

environmental degradation 

6. CULTURAL PROBLEMS 

(i) National and universal cultural conflicts and tensions 

(ii) Problems of composite culture 


Objective: 

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN INDIA : 

LAW, POLITICS AND SOCIETY 

This paper focuses on the normative and institutional aspects of human rights and 

duties against the backdrop of the politics and society in India. Divided into 7 units, it 

deals with the Constitution and human rights and duties, special laws for the protection

of vulnerable sections of the people, implementation and enforcement mechanisms, 

problems of enforcement, state and society and human rights violations, Indian politics 

and human rights violations, and the importance of internalizing human rights and 

duties. 


1. THE CONSTITUTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

(i) Constituent Assembly debates on the Fundamental Rights, Directive 

Principles and Fundamental Duties, Problems of choosing "Fundamental Rights". 

(ii) Problem of defining reasonable restrictions on fundamental rights 

(iii) International human rights and the Indian Constitution 

(iv) Fundamental Duties of State and Citizen: problems of implementing Duties 

(v) Directive Principles of State Policy 

2. SPECIAL LAWS FOR PROTECTION OF SPECIFIC CATEGORIES/ VULNERABLE 

SECTIONS OF THE PEOPLE 

(i) Reservations and the right to equality 

(ii) Protection of Minorities 

(iii) Protection of Women: in Private and Public domain 

(iv) Contract and unorganized workers; bonded labour 

(v) Children 

3. IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS 

(i) Judiciary 

(ii) National Institutions: SC/ST Commission, Minorities Commission, Women's 

Commission 

(iii) Human Rights Commissions: National and State 

(iv) Professional Councils : Press, Medical, Bar 

(vi) Consumer Courts 

(vii) NGOs, Social movements and pressure groups working through democratic 

institutions such as lobbying MPs, Information Media 

4. PROBLEMS OF ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA 

(i) Poverty and inaccessibility of legal redress 

(ii) Abuse of executive power: deaths and torture in police custody etc. 

(iii) Special Laws violative of human rights 

(iv) Lack of accountability and transparency in government functioning and the 

right to information 

(v) Inadequate functioning of democratic institutions and democratic deficit 

(vi) Social prejudices against caste, women, minorities etc. 

5. THE STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN INDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

(i) Human Rights violations in private domain : within the family, by dominant 

castes, religious groups 

(ii) Human Rights violations in public domain : State, landlords, employers, etc., 

Riots and violence in connection with inter-community tensions 

(iii) Unequal access to natural resources 

(iv) Impact of development policies on human rights 

6. INDIAN POLITICS AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 

(i) Assaults on Indian democracy


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

1. Meaning and Object of Research Methodology, Use and Role of Research 

Methodology in Social Sciences with Special reference to Public Administration. 

2. Study of impact of Socio Economic and Political Phenomenon on Human 

Behaviour. 

3. Scope and limitation of Social Research. 

4. The Scientific Method : Nature, Aim and Basic Elements, Relationship between 

Theory and Fact. 

5. Theory Building in Public Administration : Concept, Theory and Hypotheses, The 

Research Design, Problem Formulation, Population and Sampling. 

6. Methods of Collecting Data – Observation, Questionnaire and Schedule, 

Interview, The Case Study Method. 

7. Data Analysis and Presentation : Coding, Tabulation, Interpretation, 

Measurement and Technique of Scaling, Report Writing : Chapters, Footnotes, 

References, Rules of Citing and Quotations, Bibliography. 

8. Basic Statistics : Frequency Distribution, Mean, Mode and Median, Mean 

Deviation, Standard Deviation.

Post-Graduate Degree (Optional I – Paper 6) 

Human Rights of Women and Children In India 

1 International Norms for the Protection of Women 

i) ILO Conventions for Protection of Female Labour, UN Convention on :Political 

Rights of Women 1952, Convention on Elimination of All Forms of 

Discrimination Against Women, 1979, Declaration on the Elimination of 

Violence against Women, 1993. 

ii) CEDAW : Composition, Structure and operation 

iii) World Conference on Women 

2 Status of Women in Contemporary India 

i) Poverty, Illiteracy and Violence against Women. 

ii) Constitutional and Statutory Provisions 

3 Institutional Mechanisms For Protection of Women 

i) Constitutional mechanism ; Legislature, Executive and Judiciary (special 

contribution of judiciary) 

ii) Statutory mechanism : National Commission for Women, National Human 

Rights Commission, State Commissions. 

iii) The Non-Governmental Organizations. 

iv) The information media 

v) Role of education 

4 International Norms for Protection of the Child. 

i) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990 

ii) Committee on the Rights of the Child : Structure and Operation 

iv) UNICEF : Problems and Perspectives. 

5 Status of the Child in Contemporary India 

i) Poverty, Illiteracy and Child Abuse 

ii) Constitutional and Statutory Provisions 

6 Institutional Mechanism for Protection of Child 

i) Constitutional mechanism ; Legislature, Executive, Judiciary (special 

contribution of judiciary) 

ii) National Women Rights Commission, National Commission for Rights of the 

Child 

iii) Non-Governmental Organizations. 

iv) The information media

v) Role of education 

Post-Graduate Degree (Optional II– Paper 7) 

Objective: 

HUMAN RIGHTS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 

Criminal justice system is one of the critical areas of human rights and duties where the 

legal system is tested on a continuous basis for preservation of peace and security in 

society on the one hand, and preservation of human dignity of both victims of crime and 

persons accused of it. This paper is in ten units which cover, besides the conceptual 

and other perspectives, the principal rights problems, rights of the accused, the rights of 

inmates of prisons and custodial homes, access to justice, right to compensation, 

punishments, administration of justice and international perspectives. 


1. HISTORICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES 

Human Right Act 1993 

2. CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE 

(i) Concept of crime and criminal liability 

(ii) Offences involving Human Rights 

(iii) Role of Criminal Justice System 

3. HUMAN RIGHTS PROBLEMS 

(i) Police Atrocities and Accountability 

(ii) Violence against women and children 

(iii) Communal violence 

(iv) Caste and class conflicts 

(v) Maintenance of Law and Order 

(vi) Terrorism and Insurgency 

4. RIGHTS OF ACCUSED 

(i) Double Jeopardy 

(ii) Against self-incrimination 

(iii) Production before Magistrate 

(iv) Fair Trial 

(v) Speedy Trial 

(vi) Appeal

5. RIGHTS OF INMATES OF PRISONS AND CUSTODIAL HOMES 

(i) Protection Homes 

(ii) Reformative and other institutions 

(iii) Prisons 

6. RIGHT TO LEGAL AID, ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND SPEEDY JUSTICE 

7. RIGHT TO COMPENSATION 

8. PUNISHMENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 

9. ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

(i) Ordinary Courts 

(ii) Special Courts 

(iii) District Human Rights Courts 

(iv) Nyaya Panchyats 

(v) Human Rights Sensitization 

(vi) Threats to the System: 

(a) Terrorism 

(b) Abduction 

(c) Others 

10. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 

(i) International crimes 

(ii) International crime control and protection agencies, e.g. Interpol 

(iii) International co-operation in combating of transnational organized crimes and 

international terrorism - Palermo Convention on Transnational Organized 

Crime 2000,Convention against Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic and Psychotropic 

Substances 1988-90 

(iv) Extradition and mutual assistance in criminal proceedings 

(v) International Criminal Court - Rome Statute 1998 

(vi) International norms on administration of criminal justice - UN General 

Assembly resolutions

Post-Graduate Degree Paper 8 

PROJECT WORK 

Every Student of Final Year shall be compulsorily doing the Project 

Work related to any aspects of Human Rights and Duties.

Human Rights and Duties 

M.A. Previous and Final 

Previous 2007-08 

Final 2008-09 

There shall be a total number of eight papers for its two years M.A. 

Programme in Human Rights and Duties. Four Paper shall be taken 

in M.A. Previous and in M.A. Final three papers and one Project 

Work. 

1. Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Human Rights 

and Duties. 

2. Social Dimensions of Human Rights in India. 

3. Human Rights in India : Law, Politics and Society. 

4. Research Methodology 

5. Human Rights : The Global Perspective

6. Human Rights and Women and Children in India. 

7. Human Rights and Criminal Justice System 

8. Project Work 

- Each Paper carries 100 marks and duration of 

examination is three hours. 

- Every students shall be doing a project work in M.A. Final 

on any aspects of Human Rights decided by the Head of 

the Department. 

- Project Work evaluation shall be from 50 marks and 50 

marks for viva-voce. 

POST-GRADUATE DEGREE COURSE (MA/LLM) 

IN HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES 

This course has 5 core papers and 14 optional papers. They are: 

Core Papers 

1. Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Human Rights and Duties 

2. Human Rights and Duties in International and Regional Perspectives 

3. Societal Issues of Human Rights and Duties in India 

4. Human Rights and Duties in India: Law, Politics and Society, and Importance of 

Internalizing Women Rights and Duties.

5. Research Methodology and Dissertation/Field-Based Project Work 

Optional Papers 

1. Science & Technology and Human Rights and Duties 

2. International Obligation to protect Human Rights and Duties 

3. Development, Trade and Human Rights 

4. International Humanitarian and Refugee Laws 

5. Peoples' Right to Self Determination 

6. Women and Human Rights and Duties 

7. Children and Human Rights and Duties 

8. The Aged and Disabled and Human Rights and Duties 

9. Socially/Economically Disadvantaged People and Human Rights and Duties 

10. Working Class and Human Rights and Duties 

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n`"Vkarksa ,oa m)j.kksa laca/kh fu;e] lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 

8 ewyHkwr laf[;dh % vko`fRr forj.k & ek/;] ef/;dk ;k e/;akd ,oa cgqyd] 

,oa ek/; fopyu] ekud fopyu

iz'ui= & 5 

ekuo vf/kdkj % oSf'od ifjisz{; 

1 ekuo vf/kdkj vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª 

la;qDr jk"Vª dk lS)kfUrd ,oa laLFkkxr

(v) 

cPpksa ds vf/kdkj & cPpksa ds vf/kdkj laca/kh la;qDr jk"Vª dh 

izlafonk 1989] cky Jfedksa ij izlafonk 1999 varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu 

¼vkb-Z,y-vks-½ 

4 ekuo vf/kdkjksa ij ;wjksih; izlafonk 

5 ekuo vf/kdkjkssa ij vesfjdh izlafonk 1969 

6 ekuo vf/kdkjksa ij vQzhdh kks"k.kk 

7 ,f'k;kbZ {ks=ksa esa fodkl

,sfPNd & I iz'u i= 6 

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds ekuokf/kdkj & 

01- efgykvksa ds laj{k.k gsrq varjkZ"Vªh; ekud % 

(i) efgyk Jfedksa laca/kh varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu ¼vkbZ-,y-vks-½ dh 

izlafonk] efgykvksa ds jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa ij la;qDr jk"Vª dh 

izlafonk 1952] efgykvksa ds fo:) lHkh izdkj ds foHksnksa dh lekfIr 

dh izlafonk 1979] efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk dh lekfIr dh izlafonk 

1993- 

(ii) lh-b-Mh-,-MCY;w- (CEDAW) laxBu] lajpuk ,oa fdz;k fof/k 

(iii) efgykvksa ij fo'o lEesyu 

02- ledkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr & 

(i) xjhch] vf'k{kk ,oa efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk 

(ii) laoS/kkfud ,oa dkuwuh izko/kku 

03- efgykvksa ds laj{k.k gsrq laLFkkxr O;oLFkk,W 

(i) laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk,Wa & O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk 

¼U;k;ikfydk dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku½ 

(ii) dkuwuh O;oLFkk,a] jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj 

vk;ksx] jkT; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx 

(iii) xSj ljdkjh la axBu 

(iv) lwpuk ek/;e 

(v) f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk 

04 cPpksa ds vf/kdkj laj{k.k gsrq varjk"Vªh; ekud 

(i) cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu] 1990 

(ii) cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij lfefr % lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k 

(iii) ;wuhlsQ % leL;k,a ,oa ifjizs{;

a 05 ledkyhu Hkkjr esa cPpks dh fLFkfr 

(i) xjhch] vf'k{kk ,oa cky 'kks"k.k 

(ii) laoS/kkfud ,oa dkuwuh izko/kku 

06 cPpksa ds laj{k.k gsrq laLFkkRed O;oLFkk,aa 

(i)laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk,a] O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk 

¼U;k;ikfydk dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku½ 

(ii) cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa gsrq jk"Vªh; vk;ksx 

(iii) xSj ljdkjh laxBu ¼,uthvksl½ 

(iv) lwpuk ek/;e 

(v) f'k{kk Hkwfedk

,sfPNd & II iz'u i= 7 

ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh 

1 ,sfrgkfld] nk'kZfud ,oa lkekftd ifjizs{; & ekuo vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 

1993 

2 vo/kkj.kkRed ifjizs{; 

(i) vijk/k dh vo/kkj.k ,oa vkijkf/kd mRrjnkf;Ro 

(ii) ekuo vf/kdkjksa laca/kh vijk/k 

(iii) vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk 

a 

3 ekuo vf/kdj laca/kh leL;k,W 

(i) iqfyl dk neu ,oa tokcnsgh 

(ii) efgykvksa ,oa cPpks ds fo:) fgalk 

(iii) lkaiznkf;d fgalk 

(iv) tkfr ,oa oxZ lak"kZ 

(v) dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk 

(vi) vkradokn ,oa fo/oal 

4 vijk/kh ds vf/kdkj 

(i) nksgjk la'k; 

(ii) vkRe nks"kkjksi.k ds fo:) 

(iii) eftLVª sV ds le{k izLrqr gksuk 

(iv) LoPN fopkjd 

(v) 'khkz fopkj.k 

(vi) vihy djuk 

5 dkjkokl ,oa laj{k.k x`gksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds vf/kdkj 

(i) laj{k.k x`g 

(ii) lq/kkjkRed ,oa vU; laLFkk,W 

(iii) dkjkokl

6 dkuwuh lgk;rk dk vf/kdkj] U;k; ,oa 'khkz U;k; rd igWqp 

7 {kfriwfrZ dk vf/kdkj 

8 ltk vkSj ekuo vf/kdkj 

9 vkijkf/kd U;k; dk iz'kklu 

(i) lk/kkj.k U;k;ky; 

(ii) fo'ks"k U;k;ky; 

(iii) ftyk ekuokf/kdkj U;k;ky; 

(iv) U;k; iapk;r 

(v) ekuo vf/kdkj laosnhdj.k 

(vi) O;oLFkk dks /kedh 

¼v½ vkradokn 

¼c½ vigj.k 

¼l½ vU; 

10 varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; 

(i) varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k 

(ii) varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/k fu;a=.k ,oa laj{k.k vfHkdj.k ¼,stsfUl;ka½] 

mnkgj.kkFkZ & baVjiksy 

(iii) jk"Vªkas ds ijs laxfBr vijk/kksa ds fo:) varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj 

varjkZ"Vªh; vkardokn & jk"Vªks a ds ijs laxfBr vkardokn ij iSysjeks 

lEesyu] 2000] u'khys inkFkksZ ,oa lkbdksVªksfid ds voS/k O;kikj ds 

fo:) lEesyu 1988&90 

(iv) vijkf/kd ekeyksa esa izR;iZ.k ,oa ijLij lg;ksx 

(v) varjkZ"Vªh; vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; & jkse 1998 

(vi) vkijkf/kd U;k; ds iz'kklu ds varjkZ"Vªh; ekud & la;qDr jk"Vª 

egklHkk izLrko

iz'u i= 8 

ifj;kstuk dk;Z 

mRrjk)Z ds izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks ekuo vf/kdkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa ds fdlh Hkh vk;ke ls 

lacaf/kr ifj;kstuk dk;Z djuk vfuok;Z gksxk A 

ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fo"k; dk fu/kkZj.k foHkkxk/;{k }kjk fd;k tk,xk A

Human Rights 1 - Vikram University

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