National Project Implementation Plan - NVBDCP
National Project Implementation Plan - NVBDCP
National Project Implementation Plan - NVBDCP
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The following matrix summarizes the transmission mechanisms of malaria<br />
and kala-azar, their health effects and geographical dispersion:<br />
Type of<br />
Vector<br />
Borne<br />
Disease<br />
Description of the<br />
Vector and<br />
Causative Agent<br />
Description of the<br />
Infection and health<br />
impact<br />
Geographical<br />
dispersion<br />
Malaria<br />
Vector: Anopheles<br />
mosquitoes, which<br />
breed in clean water<br />
and feed during the<br />
night<br />
Causative Agent:<br />
Plasmodium<br />
parasites.<br />
Among different<br />
species of the<br />
parasite, falciparum<br />
causes most severe<br />
form of malaria with<br />
higher mortality risk.<br />
The other commonly<br />
reported species in<br />
India is vivax.<br />
One to two weeks or<br />
more after a person<br />
becomes infected, first<br />
symptoms appear.<br />
Typically, malaria<br />
produces fever,<br />
headache, vomiting and<br />
other flu-like symptoms.<br />
The parasite infects and<br />
destroys red blood cells<br />
resulting in anemia.<br />
Infections with<br />
falciparum may cause<br />
cerebral malaria with<br />
fits/convulsions and loss<br />
of consciousness, and<br />
often death. Malaria in<br />
pregnancy poses a<br />
substantial risk to the<br />
mother, the fetus and<br />
the newborn infant.<br />
Of all reported<br />
malaria cases in<br />
India during<br />
2006, about<br />
90% were in 11<br />
States: Orissa,<br />
22%; Jharkhand,<br />
11%;<br />
Chhattisgarh,<br />
10%; West<br />
Bengal, 10%;<br />
Gujarat, 10%;<br />
Madhya Pradesh,<br />
6%; Uttar<br />
Pradesh, 6%;<br />
Karnataka, 5%;<br />
Assam, 4%;<br />
Rajasthan, 3%<br />
and<br />
Maharashtra,<br />
3%.<br />
Type of<br />
Vector<br />
Borne<br />
Disease<br />
Description of the<br />
Vector and<br />
Causative Agent<br />
Description of the<br />
Infection and health<br />
impact<br />
Geographical<br />
dispersion<br />
Kala-azar<br />
(Visceral<br />
Leishmaniasis)<br />
Vector: Female<br />
Phlebotomus<br />
argentipes (sandfly).<br />
The sand-flies<br />
breed in the<br />
presence of organic<br />
debris, making<br />
homes with mud<br />
walls plastered with<br />
cow dung ideal for<br />
breeding. These<br />
sand-flies feed on<br />
blood (usually in the<br />
evening and at<br />
night) and can travel<br />
about a radius of a<br />
few hundred meters<br />
around its habitat.<br />
Kala-azar is a slow<br />
progressing disease and<br />
often recognized late.<br />
Kala-azar infection is<br />
manifested in two forms.<br />
Initial infection leads to<br />
acute disease, i.e. Kalaazar.<br />
Later on, skin<br />
manifestations of Kalaazar<br />
infection, known as<br />
Post Kala- azar Dermal<br />
Leishmaniasis (PKDL),<br />
may appear after<br />
variable periods ranging<br />
up to a few years.<br />
Practically all<br />
cases of Kalaazar<br />
reported in<br />
2006 are from<br />
three States:<br />
Bihar, 70%;<br />
Jharkhand, 21%;<br />
and West<br />
Bengal, 9%.<br />
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