growth regulatory effect of extracts of azadirachta indica, curcuma ...

Pakistan Entomologist
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GROWTH REGULATORY EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA
INDICA, CURCUMA LONGA, NIGELLA SATIVA AND PIPER NIGRUM ON
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF TROGODERMA GRANARIUM (EVERTS)
(COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
* Mansoor-ul-Hasan , Muhammad Sagheer , Qurban Ali , Jamshaid Iqbal and Muhammad Shahbaz
1 1 1 2 3
1
Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Assistant Director, Department of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Bhakkar
3
Assistant Director, Department of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Lahore
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Received: August 10, 2011
Received in revised form: December 1, 2012
Accepted: December 20, 2012
*Corresponding Author:
Mansoor ul Hasan
Email: mansoorsahi2000@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The extracts from four medicinal plants viz., Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Nigella
sativa and Piper nigrum were assessed at 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentration against khapra
beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) for their potential to protect stored-wheat grains in
term of their toxicity and effect on progeny development. The highest mean mortality
(14.36%) was observed in case of A. indica, whereas, the lowest mortality (6.78%) was found
in P. nigrum after 30 days of treatment. Pupation was highest (46.66%) in case of P. nigrum
extract, while the lowest one (27.11%) in C. longa after sixty days of treatment. Adult
emergence was observed in descending order; P. nigrum > N. sativa > A. indica > C. longa
whereas, the highest in control (71.39%).The highest F
1
progeny was found in control
treatment, followed by N. sativa, P. nigrum, A. indica and C. longa, respectively. The extracts
from these plants caused significant mortality of T. granarium, reduced its reproductive
potential and deterred the larvae from feeding on wheat grains. Therefore, these plant extracts
can serve as the foundation for development of new botanical insecticides.
Keywords:
Plant extracts, T. granarium, growth regulatory effect, mortality, botanicals
INTRODUCTION
granarium have been reported to range from 0.2-2.9% over a
period of 1-10.5 months in Pakistan (Irshad et al., 1988).
The storage of grains and other food products in respect to Severe infestation by khapra beetle makes grain unpalatable
insect infestation is a serious problem throughout the world. and unmarketable due to depletion of specific nutrients (Jood
Annual post-harvest losses resulting from insect damage, and Kapoor, 1994).
microbial deterioration and other factors are estimated to be In Pakistan, T. granarium has been observed to have
10-25% of production the worldwide (Matthews, 1993). resistance against phosphine due to substandard techniques of
Among various contributing factors to the huge losses, insect fumigation (Irshad and Iqbal, 1994). Sharma and Kalra
pests are a major problem in stored grain throughout the world (1998) also reported phosphine resistance to different stages
because they reduce the quality and quantity of grains of T. granarium.
(Madrid et al., 1990; Sinha and Watters, 1985). In Pakistan, it For the control of insect pests, the use of insecticides has been
has been estimated that 5-7% loss of food grain occurs due to the main method of grain protection because of being simplest
the infestation caused by storage insect pests (Jilani and and cost effective (Hidalgo et al., 1998), but the wide spread
Ahmad, 1982).
use of these pesticides have significant drawbacks including;
Among the insects attacking stored products, Trogoderma development of insecticide resistant strains, increased cost,
granarium (Everts) which is locally known as Khapra beetle, environmental pollution, handling hazards, residues
is one of the most notorious pest of stored grains (Banks, contamination and lethal effects on non-target organisms
1977; Hill, 1983) and has attracted the attention of many (Zettler and Cuperus, 1990; Tapondjou et al., 2002).
scientists not only because it can easily be manipulated but Plant origin products are getting greater attention as
also because of its economic importance. Losses caused by T. prophylactic measures against stored-product pests, mainly
Cite this article as:
Mansoor-ul-Hasan, M. Sagheer, Q. Ali, J. Iqbal and M. Shahbaz, 2012. Growth regulatory effect of extracts of Azadirachta indica,
Curcuma longa, Nigella sativa and Piper nigrum on developmental stages of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera:
Dermestidae). Pak. Entomol., 34(2): 111-115.
111 77

Mansoor-ul-Hasan et al. / Pakistan Entomologist 2012, 34(2): 111-115
because of their safety to non-target organisms (Jood et al., minutes to allow solvent to evaporate before the start of
1996). Capsicum has also proven its insecticidal activity bioassay. These treated grains were transferred in plastic jars.
against rice grain pest, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Prakash One jar was kept as control in each treatment containing
and Rao, 2006). Su (1983) found that acetone extracts of
rd
untreated grains. Thirty larvae of 3 instar were separately
Piper nigrum L. and the Hexane extract of dry fruit of Piper transferred to plastic jars. After the release of larvae, the
guineense were toxic to four species of stored-product insects. mouth of jars was covered with muslin cloth and kept at
The essential oil of garlic has been found toxic against 30±2ºC and 65±5 % RH. The data regarding mortality (%)
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais was recorded 5, 10, 15 and 30 day after the treatment. The data
Motschulsky (Ho et al., 1996). Powder of Melia azadiracha regarding to larval development (days), pupation and adult
bark showed excellent repellency against Rhyzopertha emergence was also recorded 60 day of after insect release.
dominica (F.) (Khan and Marwat, 2003). Oil obtained from Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments of each 3
Peganum harmala seed has insecticidal activity against T. replicates was made for the biological tests. The corrected
castaneum larvae and adults (Jbilou et al., 2008).
mortality for each treatment was calculated by Abbott's
Efforts were made in the present study to evaluate the lethal formula (Abbott, 1925). The surviving individuals from the
and growth regulatory effects of extracts of Azadirachta adult bioassay were transferred into the new clean jars
indica, Curcuma longa, Nigella sativa and Piper nigrum containing 60 mg of sterilized wheat and the data of
against T. granarium.
population growth was recorded after 60 days.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Statistical analysis
Culture of T. granarium
Abbott's formula (Abbott, 1925) was used for corrected
mortality and data obtained was subjected to analysis of
Heterogeneous population of T. granarium was collected variance (ANOVA) using proper statistical package. The
from various godowns of Punjab Food Department, means were separated by Tukey's HSD test at 5% level of
Faisalabad, for rearing the test insect population in laboratory. significance.
The insects were retained in plastic jars of 1000 ml capacity in
the laboratory for two months, to get homogenous population RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of the test insect. T. granarium adults were separated and
retained in plastic jars in a medium of wheat grains for a The mean corrected mortality (%) for all tested plant extracts
period of 3 days (72 hours) at a temperature of 30±2ºC and at various concentrations (Fig. 1) showed statically
65±5% R.H. in an incubator. After that insects were taken out significant differences. The highest concentration (20%) gave
from these plastic jars containing the media (wheat grains) the highest percent mean mortality (15.39%) followed by
with sufficient number of eggs laid by females. Progeny with 15% concentration (11.94%), while 10% and 5%
same size and age, which was obtained from these rearing concentrations caused 9.08 and 5.92% mean mortality against
plastic jars, was kept for another period of one week before larvae of T. granarium, respectively.
their use in biological tests.
18
16
Collection of plant materials
14
12
Fresh leaves of A. indica, P. nigrum and fruits of C. longa and 10
8
Nigella sativa were collected from the Botanical Garden,
6
University of Agriculture and local market of Faisalabad, 4
Pakistan.
2
0
Preparation of plant extracts
5 10 15 20
Fig. 1
Concentrations (%)
The plant materials were washed in water and after sun drying Effect of various concentrations of acetone extracts of A.
these plant materials were ground to bring these in the form of indica, C. longa, N. sativa and P. nigrum on mortality of T.
powder. Their extraction was done by using Soxhlet's
Extraction Apparatus by dipping 50 mg of powder in 250 ml
acetone; following procedure was described by Valladares et
al. (1997) and Ahmad et al. (2006). Chemical extracts
obtained were kept in clean and air tight lid bottles. The
samples were stored in the refrigerator at 4ºC before their use.
granarium larvae on treated wheat grains.
The results regarding to mortality (Fig. 2) revealed that
exposure time had also significant effect. The longest
exposure period (30 days) gave the highest mean mortality
(15.71), followed by 15 days exposure period (11.82%). The
exposure period of 5 and 10 days resulted in 8.99 and 5.82%
Bioassay studies of plant extracts against larvae of T. of mean mortality in all plants combined analysis.
granarium
The mortality data of tested plant extracts (Fig. 3) showed that
there were significant differences in the mortalities of tested
For mortality bioassay, 60 mg of wheat grains was sprayed plant extracts. The highest mean mortality (14.36%) was
with 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentration of test solution recorded in case of A. indica, followed by C. longa (11.80%),
uniformly with the help of a pipette. Grains were kept for 60 N. sativa (9.39%) and P. nigrum (6.78%), respectively.
112
Moratality (%)

Mortality (%)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
5 10 15 30
Days
Mansoor-ul-Hasan et al. / Pakistan Entomologist 2012, 34(2): 111-115
in control, followed by 41.12, 37.50, 34.16 and 33.05 at 5, 10,
150 and 20% of concentrations, respectively.
Fig. 2
0
Effect of exposure period on mortality of T. granarium larvae
treated by various concentrations of acetone extracts of A.
indica, C. longa, N. sativa and P. nigrum on wheat grains. Fig. 5
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
A. indica C. longa N. sativa P. nigrum
Fig. 3
Plants
Effect of acetone extracts of A. indica, C. longa, N. sativa and
P. nigrum on mortality of T. granarium larvae on treated
wheat grains.
Mortality (%)
The mean value of pupation (%) in relation to different
concentrations (Fig. 4) of plant extracts revealed that all the
concentrations differed significantly except 15 and 20% of
concentration, which were statistically similar to one another.
The highest pupation (57.50) was observed in control,
followed by 38.05, 33.33, 31.38 and 30.27 at 5, 10, 15 and
20% of concentration, respectively.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 10 15 20 Control
Fig. 4
Concentrations (%)
Effect of various concentrations of acetone extracts of A.
indica, C. longa, N. sativa and P. nigrum on mean percent
pupation of T. granarium on treated wheat grains.
Pupation (%)
Effect of acetone extracts of A. indica, C. longa, N. sativa and
P. nigrum on mean percent pupation of T. granarium on
treated wheat grains.
Fig. 6
Effect of various concentrations of acetone extracts of A.
indica, C. longa, N. sativa and P. nigrum on mean F 1 adult
emergence of T. granarium on treated wheat grains.
The mean value of F 1 adult's emergence of acetone extracts of
A. indica, C. longa, N. sativa and P. nigrum (Fig. 7) showed
that all plant extracts differed significantly except N. sativa
and P. nigrum, which were statistically at par to each another.
The highest pupation (51.33%) was recorded in case of P.
nigrum, followed by N. sativa (48.22%), A. indica (41.11%)
and C. longa (33.11%).
Plants
Fig. 7
Effect of acetone extracts of A. indica, C. longa, N. sativa and
P. nigrum on mean F 1 adult emergence of T. granarium on
treated wheat grains.
The results of analysis (Fig. 5) showed that there were The results (Fig. 8) of F1
progeny production revealed that the
significantly difference in mean population values of tested highest F 1 progeny (198.00) was observed in control,
plant extracts except N. sativa and P. nigrum. The highest followed by 160.00, 142.92, 128.92 and 110.83 at 5, 10, 150
pupation (46.66%) was recorded in case of P. nigrum, and 20% of concentrations, respectively. Relative
followed by N. sativa (44.66%), C. longa (34.00%) and A. effectiveness of plant extracts (Fig. 9) showed that the highest
indica (27.11%) respectively.
F 1 progeny (164.80) was recorded in case of P. nigrum,
The results regarding emergence of F 1 adults (Fig. 6) indicated followed by N. sativa (178.13), C. longa (127.13) and A.
that all the concentrations differed significantly except 15 and indica (122.47), respectively.
20%. The highest F 1 adult emergence (71.39%) was observed
113
Pupation (%)
F1 adult emergence
F1 adult emergence
60
50
40
30
20
10
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A. indica C. longa N. sativa P. nigrum
Plants
5 10 15 20 Control
Concentrations (%)
A. indica C. longa N. sativa P. nigrum

Mansoor-ul-Hasan et al. / Pakistan Entomologist 2012, 34(2): 111-115
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