Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology Second Edition - Free

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vi SECTION FOUR SPIRAL BACTERIA 461 39 Leptospira spp. 463 P. N. Levett 40 Helicobacter spp. and Related Organisms 473 Peter J. Jenks 41 Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. 485 Diane E. Taylor and Monika Keelan 42 Treponemes 503 Andrew J. L. Turner 43 Borrelia spp. 511 Sudha Pabbatireddy and Benjamin J. Luft CONTENTS SECTION FIVE OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 527 44 Anaerobic Cocci 529 D. A. Murdoch 45 Non-Sporing Gram-Negative Anaerobes 541 Sheila Patrick and Brian I. Duerden 46 Clostridium difficile 557 Mark H. Wilcox 47 Other Clostridium spp. 567 Ian R. Poxton 48 Anaerobic Actinomycetes and Related Organisms 575 Val Hall Index 587
List of Contributors Dlawer A. A. Ala’Aldeen Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, Division of Microbiology, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK Indran Balakrishnan Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK Christopher L. Baylis Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association (CCFRA), Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire GL55 6LD, UK Cécile M. Bébéar Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France Christiane Bébéar Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France Alex van Belkum Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam EMCR, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands Eugenie Bergogne-Berezin University Paris 7, Faculty of Medicine Bichat, 100 bis rue du Cherche-Midi, Paris 75006, France Patrick J. Blair 96520-8132 US Embassy Jakarta, US NAMRU 2, FPO AP Alpana Bose Centre for Medical Microbiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK Tom Cheasty HPA Colindale, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Centre for Infection, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK Derrick W. Crook Department of Clinical Microbiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 7, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Aruni De Zoysa Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infection, Department of Respiratory and Systemic Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK Brian I. Duerden Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK Androulla Efstratiou Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infection, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK Florence Fenollar Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020A, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France Roger G. Finch Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust, The Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK Sarah J. Furrows Department of Clinical Parasitology, The Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market off Tottenham Court Road, London WC1E 6AU, UK Stephen H. Gillespie Centre for Medical Microbiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK Richard L. Guerrant Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA Val Hall Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Service for Wales, Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XW, UK T. G. Harrison Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infection, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK C. Anthony Hart Medical Microbiology Department, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK Peter M. Hawkey Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Qiushui He Pertussis Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland Brian Henderson Division of Infection and Immunity, Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK Derek W. Hood Molecular Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK Catherine Ison Sexually Transmitted Bacteria Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infection, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK Claire Jenkins Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK Peter J. Jenks Department of Microbiology, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK Franca R. Jones National Naval Medical Center, Microbiology Laboratory, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA Monika Keelan Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, B-117 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3 Kevin G. Kerr Department of Microbiology, Harrogate District Hospital, Lancaster Park Road, Harrogate HG2 7SX, UK Theresa Lamagni Healthcare Associated Infection & Antimicrobial Resistance Department, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infection, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK Paul N. Levett Provincial Laboratory, Saskatchewan Health, 3211 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 5W6 Niall A. Logan Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK Benjamin J. Luft Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, SUNY at Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-8160, USA
Page 1: Principles and Practice of Clinical
Page 5 and 6: Principles and Practice of Clinical
Page 7: Contents List of Contributors Prefa
Page 11: Preface Change is inevitable and no
Page 15 and 16: 1 β-Haemolytic Streptococci Androu
Page 17 and 18: PATHOGENESIS AND VIRULENCE FACTORS
Page 19 and 20: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF β-HAEMOLYTIC STREP
Page 21 and 22: CLINICAL ASPECTS OF β-HAEMOLYTIC S
Page 23 and 24: LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICA
Page 25 and 26: LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICA
Page 27 and 28: PREVENTION AND CONTROL 15 and nonin
Page 29 and 30: REFERENCES 17 Courvalin PM, Carlier
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES 19 Nelson D, Loomis L, F
Page 33 and 34: 2 Oral and Other Non-b-Haemolytic S
Page 35 and 36: INFECTIONS CAUSED BY NON-β-HAEMOLY
Page 43 and 44: LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 31 Figure 2.4
Page 45 and 46: LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 33 Table 2.8 D
Page 47 and 48: ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 35 Table
Page 49 and 50: REFERENCES 37 Billington, S.J., Jos
Page 51: REFERENCES 39 Streptococcus bovis b
Page 54 and 55: 42 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE infecti
Page 56 and 57: 44 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE virulen
Page 58 and 59:
46 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE togethe
Page 60 and 61:
48 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE and it
Page 62 and 63:
50 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE of resi
Page 64 and 65:
52 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE more se
Page 66 and 67:
54 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE Contrai
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56 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE Nuermbe
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4 Enterococcus spp. Esteban C. Nann
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CLINICAL INFECTIONS 61 Another fact
Page 75 and 76:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 63 Table 4.2 T
Page 77 and 78:
MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIMIC
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MANAGEMENT OF ENTEROCOCCAL INFECTIO
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REFERENCES 69 VRE-positive patients
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REFERENCES 71 Paulsen, I. T., Baner
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74 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS gentamicin
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76 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Table 5.2
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78 Table 5.3 Antibiotic resistance
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80 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS of peptido
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82 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS newborn in
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84 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Bone and J
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86 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS A wide ran
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88 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS guidelines
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90 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Boelaert,
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92 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Haggar, A.
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94 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Massey, R.
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96 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Ross, J.I.
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98 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Weisblum,
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100 Table 6.2 Laboratory characteri
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102 COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCC
Page 116 and 117:
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Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 125:
Section Two Gram-Positive Bacilli
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116 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. The genus
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% DTP3 coverage 118 CORYNEBACTERIUM
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120 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. the absenc
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122 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. Table 7.2
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124 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. yellowish
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126 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. Colman, G.
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128 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPP. Schmitt, M
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130 LISTERIA AND ERYSIPELOTHRIX SPP
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140 BACILLUS SPP. AND RELATED GENER
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Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
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160 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS they
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162 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS The
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164 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS An i
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166 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS trea
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168 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS Hobb
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11 Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria St
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MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM-INTRACELLULARE
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MYCOBACTERIUM XENOPI 175 et al. 198
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RAPID GROWING MYCOBACTERIA 177 laye
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REFERENCES 179 OTHER NON-TUBERCULOS
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REFERENCES 181 Tunkel, D. E. and Ro
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184 AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES and treha
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186 AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES Sabouraud
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188 AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES Georghiou
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13 Moraxella catarrhalis and Kingel
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KINGELLA KINGAE-MEDIATED DISEASES I
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ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 195 la
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IMMUNITY 197 VIRULENCE In general,
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REFERENCES 199 Ahmed, K., Rikitomi,
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REFERENCES 201 Hager, H., Verghese,
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REFERENCES 203 Samukawa, T., Yamana
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14 Neisseria meningitidis Dlawer A.
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THE CELL ENVELOPE: ANATOMY, HETEROG
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PATHOGENESIS 209 a sialyl donor. LO
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 211 The Sou
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 213 poor progn
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MANAGEMENT 215 recommended for empi
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL 217 incorpor
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REFERENCES 219 Caugant, D.A., Froho
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15 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Catherine
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 223 predominan
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 225 In an atte
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MANAGEMENT OF INFECTION 227 region
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REFERENCES 229 Fenton, K.A., Ison,
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16 Acinetobacter spp. Peter Hawkey
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ACINETOBACTER 233 have identified m
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CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACINETOBACTER
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TREATMENT 237 reported in the medic
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CHRYSEOBACTERIUM (PREVIOUSLY FLAVOB
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REFERENCES 241 ofloxacin) (Mensah,
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REFERENCES 243 Husni RN, Goldstein
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17 Haemophilus spp. Derrick W. Croo
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EPIDEMIOLOGY 247 routinely used in
Page 261 and 262:
PREVENTION AND CONTROL 249 flaring
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REFERENCES 251 Peltola, H. (2000) W
Page 266 and 267:
254 BORDETELLA SPP. Table 18.2 Viru
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256 BORDETELLA SPP. superfamily and
Page 270 and 271:
258 BORDETELLA SPP. diagnosis of pe
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260 BORDETELLA SPP. vaccines (Edwar
Page 274 and 275:
262 BORDETELLA SPP. Gordon, J.E. an
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264 BORDETELLA SPP. Schaeffer, L.M.
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266 BRUCELLA SPP. Table 19.2 Charac
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268 BRUCELLA SPP. Periplasmic Prote
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270 BRUCELLA SPP. Although no singl
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20 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomi
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PATHOGENICITY 275 flp-1 flp-2 orfB
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TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT 277 presen
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REFERENCES 279 Lepine, G., Caudry,
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282 FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS similar
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284 FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS Saslaw,
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286 RICKETTSIA SPP. that manifest t
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288 RICKETTSIA SPP. develop into sh
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290 RICKETTSIA SPP. onto sheep or h
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292 RICKETTSIA SPP. the specific de
Page 306 and 307:
294 RICKETTSIA SPP. Olson, J. G., B
Page 308 and 309:
296 BARTONELLA SPP. Table 23.1 Spec
Page 310 and 311:
298 BARTONELLA SPP. The term quinta
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300 BARTONELLA SPP. study showing t
Page 314 and 315:
302 BARTONELLA SPP. Fournier PE, Ma
Page 316 and 317:
304 BARTONELLA SPP. Spaulding WB, H
Page 318 and 319:
306 MYCOPLASMA SPP. described rarel
Page 320 and 321:
308 MYCOPLASMA SPP. Genital Mycopla
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310 MYCOPLASMA SPP. Specimens Speci
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312 MYCOPLASMA SPP. antigens in com
Page 326 and 327:
314 MYCOPLASMA SPP. Macrolides are
Page 329 and 330:
25 Chlamydia spp. and Related Organ
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DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISM 319 C.
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CLINICAL FEATURES 321 leave shallow
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 323 aetiologic
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MANAGEMENT 325 some merit in screen
Page 339 and 340:
REFERENCES 327 Chlamydia trachomati
Page 341 and 342:
26 Tropheryma whipplei F. Fenollar
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DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISM 331 81
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IMMUNOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY 333 EPIDEM
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DIAGNOSIS 335 The manifestations co
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REFERENCES 337 Serology The recent
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REFERENCES 339 Lepidi, H., Costedoa
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27 Identification of Enterobacteria
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343 Table 27.3 Biochemical reaction
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REFERENCES 345 Bacterial identifica
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348 ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SHIGELLA S
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29 Salmonella spp. Claire Jenkins 1
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EPIDEMIOLOGY 369 Lab reports (1000s
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 371 complicati
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL 373 two prob
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REFERENCES 375 Duthie, R. and Frenc
Page 389 and 390:
30 Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterob
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PATHOGENICITY 379 Capsule A key cha
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PATHOGENESIS 381 Pneumonia due to K
Page 395 and 396:
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTIONS 383 pro
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REFERENCES 385 Cooke, E.M., Sazegar
Page 399 and 400:
31 Donovanosis and Klebsiella spp.
Page 401:
REFERENCES 389 Kharsany, A.B., Hoos
Page 404 and 405:
392 PROTEUS, PROVIDENCIA AND MORGAN
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Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
398 YERSINIA SPP. infected. Yersini
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400 YERSINIA SPP. Figure 33.2 The n
Page 414 and 415:
402 YERSINIA SPP. fever is a childh
Page 416 and 417:
404 YERSINIA SPP. REFERENCES Abdel-
Page 418 and 419:
406 YERSINIA SPP. Wauters, G., Kand
Page 420 and 421:
408 VIBRIO SPP. Genus Definition Th
Page 422 and 423:
410 VIBRIO SPP. Heat-shock reaction
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412 VIBRIO SPP. It has long been as
Page 426 and 427:
414 VIBRIO SPP. Most of the strains
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416 VIBRIO SPP. produced by the met
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35 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas spp. A
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CLINICAL FEATURES 421 O-antigen LPS
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 423 spp., have
Page 437 and 438:
REFERENCES 425 can also produce chr
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36 Pseudomonas and Burkholderia spp
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PATHOGENICITY 429 organism from the
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INFECTIONS DUE TO P. AERUGINOSA 431
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND THERAPY 4
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EPIDEMIOLOGY 435 P. aeruginosa. Var
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PATHOGENESIS AND INFECTION 437 type
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ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND TREAT
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REFERENCES 441 specimens from CF pa
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REFERENCES 443 therapy for sepsis i
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446 LEGIONELLA SPP. Table 37.1 Legi
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448 LEGIONELLA SPP. numerous other
Page 462 and 463:
450 LEGIONELLA SPP. DIAGNOSTIC METH
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452 LEGIONELLA SPP. antigens such a
Page 466 and 467:
454 LEGIONELLA SPP. Dournon, E. (19
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456 LEGIONELLA SPP. Petitjean, F.,
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458 COXIELLA BURNETII been reported
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460 COXIELLA BURNETII Laughlin, T.,
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39 Leptospira spp. P. N. Levett Sas
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CLINICAL FEATURES 465 only the most
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MANAGEMENT 467 Molecular Typing Pul
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REFERENCES 469 CONTROL Control and
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REFERENCES 471 World Health Organiz
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474 HELICOBACTER SPP. AND RELATED O
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41 Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp
Page 499 and 500:
PROPERTIES OF THE FAMILY CAMPYLOBAC
Page 501 and 502:
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Page 505 and 506:
ANIMAL PATHOGENS AND COMMENSAL CAMP
Page 507 and 508:
THE GENUS ARCOBACTER 495 Table 41.4
Page 509 and 510:
REFERENCES 497 at the CDC it was co
Page 511 and 512:
REFERENCES 499 Karmali, M.A., Skirr
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REFERENCES 501 conservative re-trea
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42 Treponemes Andrew J. L. Turner M
Page 517 and 518:
EPIDEMIOLOGY 505 thought to be a su
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 507 Oral Trepo
Page 521 and 522:
REFERENCES 509 provision of accessi
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43 Borrelia spp. Sudha Pabbatireddy
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 513 The inf
Page 527 and 528:
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 515 IgM ant
Page 529 and 530:
DIAGNOSIS 517 and myalgias (Asch et
Page 531 and 532:
TREATMENT 519 et al., 1993). Agger
Page 533 and 534:
REFERENCES 521 Agger WA and Case KL
Page 535 and 536:
REFERENCES 523 Kristoferitsch W, Sl
Page 537:
REFERENCES 525 van der Linde MR (19
Page 541 and 542:
44 Anaerobic Cocci D. A. Murdoch De
Page 543 and 544:
GRAM-POSITIVE ANAEROBIC COCCI (GPAC
Page 545 and 546:
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Page 549 and 550:
GRAM-NEGATIVE ANAEROBIC COCCI 537 m
Page 551 and 552:
REFERENCES 539 Genovese A, Bouvet J
Page 553 and 554:
45 Non-Sporing Gram-Negative Anaero
Page 555 and 556:
DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISMS 543 ar
Page 557 and 558:
NORMAL HUMAN MICROBIOTA 545 host’
Page 559 and 560:
CLINICAL FEATURES OF ANAEROBIC INFE
Page 561 and 562:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSES 549 Epstein-Ba
Page 563 and 564:
551 Table 45.6 Identification of Ba
Page 565 and 566:
MANAGEMENT OF ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS
Page 567 and 568:
REFERENCES 555 Curtis MA, Aduse-Opo
Page 569 and 570:
46 Clostridium difficile Mark H. Wi
Page 571 and 572:
EPIDEMIOLOGY 559 carriers, and yet
Page 573 and 574:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 561 C. diffici
Page 575 and 576:
PREVENTION AND CONTROL 563 boulardi
Page 577 and 578:
REFERENCES 565 Johnson S, Gerding D
Page 579 and 580:
47 Other Clostridium spp. Ian R. Po
Page 581 and 582:
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS 569 GENERAL
Page 583 and 584:
NEUROTOXIC CLOSTRIDIA 571 Laborator
Page 585 and 586:
REFERENCES 573 reported in IDUs in
Page 587 and 588:
48 Anaerobic Actinomycetes and Rela
Page 589 and 590:
PATHOGENESIS 577 develop very slowl
Page 591 and 592:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 579 The most c
Page 593 and 594:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 581 However, o
Page 595 and 596:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 583 Commercial
Page 597 and 598:
REFERENCES 585 REFERENCES Barsotti
Page 599 and 600:
Index Abiotrophia 60 Abiotrophia ad
Page 601 and 602:
INDEX 589 natural epidemics 147 nor
Page 603 and 604:
INDEX 591 Cefoxitin in GPAC 536 in
Page 605 and 606:
INDEX 593 Coxiella burnetii 457-9 a
Page 607 and 608:
INDEX 595 modifications 534 musculo
Page 609 and 610:
INDEX 597 direct detection in clini
Page 611 and 612:
INDEX 599 natural immunity 216 Opa
Page 613 and 614:
INDEX 605 histological diagnosis 33
Page 615 and 616:
602 INDEX Sexually transmitted infe
Page 617:
604 INDEX Toxin-coregulated pilus (
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