Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology Second Edition - Free

18 β-HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
HPA (2003b) Pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemias,
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 2002. CDR Weekly, 13(16).
www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/PDFfiles/2003/1603strep.pdf (25 August 2004).
HPA (2004a) Statutory Notifications of Infectious Diseases (NOIDs)—Annual
Totals 1991 to 2003—England and Wales. Health Protection Agency.
www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/noids/annualtab.htm (25 August
2004).
HPA (2004b) Laboratory reports of bacteraemias, England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland: 2002 and 2003. CDR Weekly, 14(3). www.hpa. org.uk/
cdr/archives/archive04/bacteraemia04.htm#bact_02/03 (25 August 2004).
HPA (2004c) Pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemias, England,
Wales, and Northern Ireland: 2003. CDR Weekly, 14(16). www.hpa.org.uk/
cdr/PDFfiles/2004/bact_1604.pdf (25 August 2004).
Hsueh PR, Wu JJ, Tsai PJ et al. (1998) Invasive group A streptococcal disease
in Taiwan is not associated with the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic
exotoxin genes. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26, 584–589.
Hughes MJ, Moore JC, Lane JD et al. (2002) Identification of major outer
surface proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae. Infection and Immunity, 70,
1254–1259.
Ikebe T, Murayama S, Saitoh K et al. (2004) Surveillance of severe invasive
group-G streptococcal infections and molecular typing of the isolates in
Japan. Epidemiology and Infection, 132, 145–149.
Ji Y, Schnitzler N, DeMaster E, Cleary P (1998) Impact of M49, Mrp, Enn,
and C5a peptidase proteins on colonization of the mouse oral mucosa by
Streptococcus pyogenes. Infection and Immunity, 66, 5399–6405.
Johnson DR, Kaplan EL (1993) A review of the correlation of T-agglutination
patterns and M-protein typing and opacity factor production in the
identification of group A streptococci. Journal of Medical Microbiology,
38, 311–315.
Jones N, Bohnsack JF, Takahashi S et al. (2003) Multilocus sequence typing
system for group B streptococcus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41,
2530–2536.
Kalia A, Bessen DE (2003) Presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A
and C genes in human isolates of group G streptococci. FEMS Microbiology
Letters, 219, 291–295.
Kalia A, Enright MC, Spratt BG, Bessen DE (2001) Directional gene
movement from human-pathogenic to commensal-like streptococci.
Infection and Immunity, 69, 4858–4869.
Kalliola S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Takala AK, Eskola J (1999) Neonatal group
B streptococcal disease in Finland: a ten-year nationwide study. The
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 18, 806–810.
Kaplan EL, Johnson DR (2001) Unexplained reduced microbiological efficacy
of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G and of oral penicillin V in
eradication of group A streptococci from children with acute pharyngitis.
Pediatrics, 108, 1180–1186.
Kaplan EL, Wotton JT, Johnson DR (2001) Dynamic epidemiology of group
A streptococcal serotypes associated with pharyngitis. Lancet, 358,
1334–1337.
Kataja J, Huovinen P, Seppala H (2000) Erythromycin resistance genes in
group A streptococci of different geographical origins. The Macrolide
Resistance Study Group. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,
46, 789–792.
Katz AR, Morens DM (1992) Severe streptococcal infections in historical
perspective. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, 298–307.
Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE et al. (1997) Population-based surveillance for
group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic
indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario
Group A Streptococcal Study. The American Journal of Medicine, 103,
18–24.
Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A et al. (1999) Intravenous immunoglobulin
therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome—a comparative observational
study. The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group. Clinical Infectious
Diseases, 28, 800–807.
Kawamura Y, Hou XG, Sultana F et al. (1995) Determination of 16S rRNA
sequences of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus gordonii and phylogenetic
relationships among members of the genus Streptococcus. International
Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 45, 406–408.
Kong F, Martin D, James G, Gilbert GL (2003) Towards a genotyping system
for Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus): use of mobile
genetic elements in Australasian invasive isolates. Journal of Medical
Microbiology, 52, 337–344.
Kotloff KL, Corretti M, Palmer K et al. (2004) Safety and immunogenicity of a
recombinant multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine in healthy adults:
phase 1 trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 709–715.
Kozlov RS, Bogdanovitch TM, Appelbaum PC et al. (2002) Antistreptococcal
activity of telithromycin compared with seven other drugs in relation to
macrolide resistance mechanisms in Russia. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, 46, 2963–2968.
Kreikemeyer B, McIver KS, Podbielski A (2003) Virulence factor regulation
and regulatory networks in Streptococcus pyogenes and their impact on
pathogen–host interactions. Trends in Microbiology, 11, 224–232.
Kristensen B, Schonheyder HC (1995) A 13-year survey of bacteraemia due to
beta-haemolytic streptococci in a Danish county. Journal of Medical
Microbiology, 43, 63–67.
Lamagni TL, Neal S, Alhaddad N, Efstratiou A (2004) Results from the first
six months of enhanced surveillance of severe Streptococcus pyogenes
disease in England and Wales. 14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology
and Infectious Diseases, Prague, Czech Republic, 1–4 May 2004.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 10(Suppl. 3), 1–86 [abstract O199].
Lamothe F, D’Amico P, Ghosn P et al. (1995) Clinical usefulness of intravenous
human immunoglobulins in invasive group A streptococcal infections: case
report and review. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 1469–1470.
Lancefield RC (1962) Current knowledge of type specific M antigen of group
A streptococci. Journal of Immunology, 89, 307–313.
Larppanichpoonphol P, Watanakunakorn C (2001) Group B streptococcal
bacteremia in nonpregnant adults at a community teaching hospital.
Southern Medical Journal, 94, 1206–1211.
Lawrence DN, Facklam RR, Sottnek FO et al. (1979) Epidemiologic studies
among Amerindian populations of Amazonia. I. Pyoderma: prevalence and
associated pathogens. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene, 28, 548–558.
Le Bouguenec C, de Cespedes G, Horaud T (1990) Presence of chromosomal
elements resembling the composite structure Tn3701 in streptococci.
Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 727–734.
Leclercq R (2002) Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides:
nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 34, 482–492.
Levy SB, McMurry LM, Barbosa TM et al. (1999) Nomenclature for new
tetracycline resistance determinants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,
43, 1523–1524.
Lipsitch M (1999) Bacterial vaccines and serotype replacement: lessons from
Haemophilus influenzae and prospects for Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 336–345.
Llewelyn M, Cohen J (2002) Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt
immunity. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, 156–162.
Lukomski S, Nakashima K, Abdi I et al. (2000) Identification and characterization
of the scl gene encoding a group A streptococcus extracellular protein
virulence factor with similarity to human collagen. Infection and Immunity,
68, 6542–6553.
Madhi SA, Radebe K, Crewe-Brown H et al. (2003) High burden of invasive
Streptococcus agalactiae disease in South African infants. Annals of Tropical
Paediatrics, 23, 15–23.
Majeed HA, Batnager S, Yousof AM et al. (1992) Acute rheumatic fever and
the evolution of rheumatic heart disease: a prospective 12 year follow-up
report. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 871–875.
Marques MB, Kasper DL, Pangburn MK, Wessels MR (1992) Prevention of
C3 deposition by capsular polysaccharide is a virulence mechanism of type
III group B streptococci. Infection and Immunity, 60, 3986–3993.
Martin PR, Høiby EA (1990) Streptococcal serogroup A epidemic in Norway
1987–1988. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22, 421–429.
Matsumoto M, Hoe NP, Liu M et al. (2003) Intrahost sequence variation in the
streptococcal inhibitor of complement gene in patients with human
pharyngitis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187, 604–612.
McGregor KF, Spratt BG, Kalia A et al. (2004) Multilocus sequence typing of
Streptococcus pyogenes representing most known emm types and
distinctions among subpopulation genetic structures. Journal of Bacteriology,
186, 4285–4294.
Mogielnicki NP, Schwartzman JD, Elliott JA (2000) Perineal group A
streptococcal disease in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 106, 276–281.
Musser JM, Kapur V, Kanjilal S et al. (1993) Geographic and temporal
distribution and molecular characterization of two highly pathogenic
clones of Streptococcus pyogenes expressing allelic variants of pyrogenic
exotoxin A (scarlet fever toxin). The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 167,
337–346.
Nakagawa I, Kurokawa K, Yamashita A et al. (2003) Genome sequence of an
M3 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals a large-scale genomic
rearrangement in invasive strains and new insights into phage evolution.
Genome Research, 13, 1042–1055.