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Extra-Nuclear Genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and their Applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)) It is worthy to notice here that the holy texts should be considered collectively in an integrated procedure. We should not take scientific evidence and project it on just one text without considering the other texts. Actually, the determination of sex fall in this misleading manner. For long time and still many, think that only the father determines the sex of the human offspring. They based that on the scientific evidence that maleness-determining chromosome comes exclusively from the father. They conjugated this piece of scientific evidence with partial texts like: And that He created pairs, the male and the female * From the small seed when it is adapted (An-Najm, The Star, Qur’an Chapter 53, Verses 45-46) Bilal AHMAD GHAREEB حيحص يف هححصو ينابلألا)‏ اهيلإ عزن لجرلا ءام ةأرملا ءام (1349 مقر عماجلا دنع ‏ًامئاق تنك ‏:لاق هللا لوسر ىلوم نابوَث نع مالسلا لاقف دوهيلا رابحأ نم ربَح ءاجف هللا لوسر مل لاقف ‏،اهنم عرصي داك ةعفد هتعفدف ‏،دمحم اي كيلع يدوهيلا لاقف ‏!؟هللا لوسر اي لوقت الأ تلقف ؟ينعفدت نإ هللا لوسر لاقف ‏،هلهأ هب هاَّمس يذلا همساب هوعدن امنإ ‏،كلأسأ تئج يدوهيلا لاقف يلهأ هب يناَّمس يذلا دمحم يمسا عمسأ لاق ؟كتثدح نإ ءيش كعفنيأ هللا لوسر هل لاقف لاقف ‏.لَس لاقف هعم دوُعب هللا لوسر تكَنَف ‏.ينذأب ضرألا ريغ ضرألا ‏ُلَّدَبَت موي سانلا نوكي نيأ يدوهيلا ‏.رسجلا نود ةملظلا يف مه هللا لوسر لاقف ؟تاوامسلاو يدوهيلا لاق نيرجاهملا ءارقف لاق ؟ةزاجإ سانلا لوأ نمف لاق لاق ‏.نونلا ‏ِدِبَك ةدايز لاق ؟ةنجلا نولخدي نيح مهتفحُت امف لكأي ناك يذلا ةنجلا روَث مهل رحني لاق ؟اهرثإ ىلع مهؤاذغ امف ىمسُت اهيف نيع نم لاق ؟هيلع مهبارش امف لاق ‏.اهفارطأ نم هملعي ال ءيش نع كلأسأ تئج و لاق ‏.تقدص لاق ‏.اليبسلس نإ كعفني لاق ‏.نالجر وأ لجر وأ يبن الإ ضرألا لهأ نم دحأ ‏:لاق ؟دلولا نع كلأسأ تئج ‏:لاق ‏،ينذأب عمسأ لاق ؟كتثدح ‏ُّيِنَم العَف اعمتجا اذإف رفصأ ةأرملا ءام و ضيبأ لجرلا ءام ‏ُّيِنَم ةأرملا ‏ُّيِنَم الع اذإو ‏،هللا نذإب اركذأ ةأرملا ‏ُّيِنَم لجرلا ‏.يبنل كنإو تقدص دقل يدوهيلا لاق ‏.هللا نذإب اثنآ لجرلا نع اذه ينلأس دقل هللا لوسر لاقف ‏،بهذف فرصنا مث هب هللا يناتأ ىتح هنم ءيشب ملع يلام و هنع ينلأس يذلا 315). ضيحلا باتك يف ملسم حيحص)‏ ‏ٍةَفْطُّن نِم * ىَثنُأْلاَو ‏َرَكَّذلا ‏ِنْيَجْوَّزلا ‏َقَلَخ ‏ُهَّنَأَو .(45-46 :53 مجنلا)‏ ىَنْمُت اَذِإ Where the word ‏(ٍةَفْطُّن)‏ was interpreted as the male semen. Nevertheless when another text is examined, we realize that this word means the zygote rather than the male semen. It is this ‏,(ٍةَفْطُّن)‏ that differentiates into the organs and systems of the organism (The human embryo) as depicted from the following verse: And certainly We created man of an extract of clay * Then We made him a small seed in a firm resting-place * Then We made the seed a clot, then We made the clot a lump of flesh, then We made (in) the lump of flesh bones, then We clothed the bones with flesh, then We caused it to grow into another creation, so blessed be Allah, the best of the creators (al-Mo’minon, The Believers, Qur’an Chapter 23, Verses 12-14) ‏َّمُث ‏*ٍنيِط نِّم ةلالس نِم ناسنإلا اَنْقَلَخ ‏ْدَقَلَو ‏َةَفْطُّنلا اَنْقَلَخ ‏َّمُث ‏*ٍنيِكَّم ‏ٍراَرَق يف ‏ًةَفْطُن ‏ُهاَنْلَعَج ‏َةَغْضُمْلا اَنْقَلَخَف ‏ًةَغْضُم ‏َةَقَلَعْلا اَنْقَلَخَف ‏ًةَقَلَع ‏َرَخآ ‏ًاقْلَخ ‏ُهاَنْأَشنَأ ‏َّمُث ‏ًامْحَل ‏َماَظِعْلا اَنْوَسَكَف ‏ًاماَظِع .(12-14 :23 نونمؤملا)‏ ‏*نيقلاخلا ‏ُنَسْحَأ ‏ُهَّللا ‏َكَراَبَتَف Other texts explain that it is a matter of competition between the reproductive fluids of both father and mother that determines the sex of the child: يف ىرت ةأرملا نع هللا يبن تلأس اهنأ ميلس مأ نع ةأرملا كلذ تأر اذإ هللا لوسر لاقف لجرلا ىري ام اهمانم لهو تلاق كلذ نم تييحتساو ميلس مأ تلاقف لستغتلف نإ هبشلا نوكي نيأ نمف معن هللا يبن لاقف ؟اذه نوكي ‏،الع امهيأ نمف رفصأ قيقر ةأرملا ءامو ضيبأ ظيلغ لجرلا ءام (311 مقر ملسم حيحص)‏ هبشلا هنم نوكي ‏،قبس وأ Briefly, taking texts collectively lead to concluding that the father determines genetically the sex of the child while the environmental conditions including the internal environment of the mother and her nutrition play a role in sorting the gametes coming from the father (maleness gametes or those that carry Y chromosome from femaleness gametes or those that carry X chromosome). The internal parameters of the mother that play a role in sorting the male and female gametes need further investigations (e.g. pH, nutrition…). Acknowledgments After ultimately thanking God, Dr. Sa’eed Rahbania as well as Prof. Hilmi Abdel-Hadi are deeply thanked for his critical and useful remarks. References in Arabic: ‏.ميركلا نآرقلا .1994 ‏،ركفلا راد ‏.دنسملا ‏.دمحأ ‏،لبنح نبا نبا اهرقأ ةعبط ‏.يراخبلا حيحص ‏.هللا دبع وبأ ‏،يراخبلا .1998 ‏،ركفلا راد ‏،زاب ةعاسلا طارشأ لوأ امأ لاق هللا لوسر نأ كلام نب سنأ نع امأو ‏،برغملا ىلإ سانلا رشحتف ؛ قرشملا نم جرخت رانف هابأ دلولا هبش امأو ؛توحلا دبك ةدايزف ةنجلا لهأ لكأي ام لوأ قبس اذإو ‏،دلولا هيلإ عزن ةأرملا ءام لجرلا ءام قبس اذإف ؛همأو ISHIM 2011-2012 37
Bilal AHMAD GHAREEB ىسوم نب ةروس نب ىسيع نب دمحم ىسيع وبأ ‏،يذمرتلا ‏.يذمرتلا ننس ‏.يملسلا كاحضلا نب ‏.نيحيحصلا ىلع كردتسملا ‏.هللا دبع وبأ ‏،مكاحلا ‏.(رصم)‏ ةيرهزألا ةبتكملا مثيه قيقحت ‏.دواد يبأ ننس ‏.دواد وبأ ‏،يناتسجسلا ‏،ىلوألا ةعبطلا ‏،عيزوتلاو رشنلاو ةعابطلل مقرألا راد ‏.ميمت 2001 . يئاسنلا ننس ‏.نمحرلا دبع وبأ بيعش نب دمحأ ‏،يئاسنلا .1991 ‏،ىلوألا ةعبطلا توريب ‏،ةيملعلا بتكلا راد ‏.ىربكلا ‏،ركفلا راد ‏.ملسم حيحص ‏.ايركز وبأ ‏،يقشمدلا يوونلا 1995. يملع عجرم)‏ ةينَّسلا رردلا ‏:ةيتوبكنعلا ةكبشلا عقوم ‏(ةعامجلاو ةنسلا لهأ جهنم ىلع ةيوبنلا ثيداحألل قثوم http://www. فاقسلا رداقلا دبع نب يولَع ‏:ماعلا فرشملا dorar.net/enc/hadith References In EnglIsh Anonymous 1: Device and Method for Identifying and Treating Vaginal Affections”. http://www.freshpatents.com/Device-and-method-for-identifying-and-treating vaginal-affections-dt20070920ptan20070218132.php. Retrieved 2007-10-18. Anonymous 2: SEMEN ANALYSIS http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/urology/male_infertility/SEMEN_ANALYSIS.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18. Birky, C. W. (1994). Relaxed and Stringent Genomes: Why Cytoplasmic Genes Don’t Obey Mendel’s Laws. J. Hered. 85 (5) 355-365. Extra-Nuclear Genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and their Applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)) Callaway, E. (2009). Girl with Y chromosome sheds light on maleness. NewScientist 2704. Clarkson, M. J., Harley, V. R. (2002). Sex with two SOX on: SRY and SOX9 in testis development. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Volume 13, Issue 3: 106-111. Glanze, W. (Ed.). (1996). The signet Mosby medical encyclopedia (revised edition). New York: Penguin Books Ltd. Isidor, B., Capito, C., Paris, F., Baron, S., Corradini, N., Cabaret, B., Leclair, M. D., Giraud, M., Martin-Coignard, D., David, A., Sultan, C., Le Caignec, C. (2009). Familial frameshift SRY mutation inherited from a mosaic father with testicular dysgenesis syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Sep; 94 (9): 3467-71. Mathews, F. (2008). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol 275: pp 1661-68. Moniot, B., Declosmenil, F., Barrionuevo, F., Scherer, G., Aritake, K., Malki, S., Marzi, L., Cohen-Solal, A., Georg, I, Klattig, J., Englert, C., Kim, Y., Capel, B., Eguchi, N., Urade, Y., Boizet-Bonhoure, B., Poulat, F. (2009). The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation. Development 136 (11):1813-21. Moore, K. L. (1998). The Developing Human, 6 th edition (Saunders). Moses, S. (2000). Vaginal Fluid pH. Family Practice Notebook, LLC. http://www.fpnotebook.com/GYN78.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-04. Muehleis, P. M., Long, S. Y. (1976). The effects of altering the pH of seminal fluid on the sex ratio of rabbit offspring Fertil Steril 27(12):1438-45. Stoicanescu, D., Belengeanu, V., Amzar, D., Popa, C., Hrubaru, N., Rosianu, A. (2006). Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis With XY Chromosomal Constitution. Acta Endocrinologica (Buc) 2 (4): 465–70. Wallis, M. C., Waters, P. D., Graves, J. A. (2008). Sex determination in mammals - Before and after the evolution of SRY. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65: 3182. 38 ISHIM 2011-2012
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Hijamat (Cupping therapy) and Gynae
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The American Hospital in Gaziantep,
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Hijamah (Cupping): A Graeco-Islamic
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The Relation between Times Progress
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History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB 1 , M
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History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB, Mohd
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History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB, Mohd
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Namal.This congress was made with t
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ISHIM Executive Committee Members
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Prof. Dr. Aysegul Demirhan Erdemir
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