Journal of - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

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Extra-Nuclear Genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and their Applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)) سنجلا ديدحتو ةيسنجلا تاموسوموركلاو ةيمزالبوتيسلا ةثارولا ةفرشملا ةيوبنلا ةنسلاو ميركلا نآرقلا يف اهتاقيبطتو بيرغ دمحأ دمحأ لالب ‏.دD ةّيكيرمألا ةّيبرعلا ةعماجلا Bilal AHMAD GHAREEB Associate professor in molecular biology and biotechnology, Arab American University (www.aauj.edu). Interested in applied molecular biology and genetics, bioethics, science in religion and Arabic-Islamic civilization as well as popularization of science. Department of Biology and Biotechnology Arab American University-Jenin (AAUJ) e-mail: bghareeb@aauj.edu and bilalghareeb@yahoo.com Summary The Islamic scientific miracles (Ijaz) in Holy text of Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet (Hadith) are screened for relevant links with genetics. Interesting findings are explored in the genetics domains of extra-nuclear genetics, sex chromosomes and determination of the offspring’s sex. In addition to the pregnancy, labor, birth, breastfeeding, weaning and extra care received from the mother, genetically, we owe more to our mothers that to fathers as our cytoplasmic DNA comes exclusively from the mother. For sex determination, it is demonstrated that the father is genetically responsible for determining sex while environmental factors (e.g. pH level and even the nutrition of the mother…) play also a role. Evidently, both parents notably mothers are fully worthy of beneficence through life: And We have enjoined man in respect of his parents his mother bears him with faintings upon faintings and his weaning takes two years saying: Be grateful to Me and to both your parents; to Me is the eventual coming (Luqman, Qur’an Chapter 31, verse 14). ) 14 :31 نامقل)‏ ريصملا يلإ كيدلاولو يل ركشأ نأ نيماع يف هلاصفو نهو ىلع انهو همأ هتلمح هيدلاوب ناسنإلا انيصوو At the time of revelation, it was not known whether the fetus comes from the father or the mother or both! The Islamic knowledge that predates the recent discoveries with some 1400 years was put in service of establishing a strong social status with a considerable impact (e.g. beneficence to parents…). Such reconciliation of religious text with scientific discoveries strengthens the religion of Islam as it demonstrates its power inspired from its authenticity and divine source. It opens also new horizons for the religious texts to be investigated by scientific methods and techniques. This paper will be ended by conclusions and recommendations. Key Words: Holy Qur’an, Honorable Hadith (the Sayings of Prophet Mohammad), Ijaz (scientific miracles in religious texts), genetics, extra-nuclear genetics, sex chromosomes, sex determination. كللذ لاثم ‏،ةرهطملا ةيوبنلا ةنسلاو ميركلا نآرقلا نم ‏ًةمهلتسُم يثارولا يملعلا زاجعإلا نم يحاون ثحبلا اذه يف فشكتسُت ‏:ةيبرعلا ةغللاب صَّخلُم ماطفلاو عاضرلاو ةدالولاو ضاخملا مالآو لمحلا قاشم نلمحتي تاهمألا نأ مولعملا نم ‏.دولوملا سنج ديدحتو ةيسنجلا تاموسوموركلاو يمزالبوتيسلا DNAلا ةبسنلابو ‏.مألا نم ايرصح ‏ٌثوروم يمزالبوتيسلا DNAلاف انئابآل هنم رثكأ انتاهمأل ايثارو نونيدم اننإف ‏،ءابعأ نم ركذ ام لك ىلإ ‏ًةفاضِإ ‏.ةياعرلاو ىتحو ةضومحلا ةجردك ةيلخادلا اهتئيب ريثأت لالخ نم الثم يئيبلا مألا رودل ةفاضإ ‏،يثارولا بألا رود ثحبلا اذه يف نيبتي ‏،دولوملا سنج ديدحتل هلاصفو نهو ىلع انهو همأ هتلمح هيدلاوب ناسنإلا انيصوو ‏:ناسحإلاو نافرعلا ناقحتسي نيوبألا الك نأ ‏ًاذإ يلجلا نم ‏.رخآلا ىلع ‏ٍسنج حيجرت ىلع اهتيذغت (14 :31 نامقل)‏ ريصملا يلإ كيدلاولو يل ركشأ نأ نيماع يف لصأ ىلإ ‏ُدعب لصوتت مل ةفرعملا دودح تناك موي ةقيقد تاراشإب ضموتو ‏،نامزلا نم انرق ةعبرأ وحنب ‏َةيملعلا ‏َثوحبلا ةيمالسإلا ‏ُصوصنلا قبست ينيدلا جزامتلا اذه نإ ‏.مألل ةصاخو ‏،امهل ناسحإلاو نيدلاولا ‏ُّرب ةفرعملا هذهو يملعلا زاجعإلا اذهل ةماهلا ةيعامتجإلا تاساكعنإلا نم نإ ‏!ّمألا ‏ِمأ ‏ُبألا ‏َوُهأ نينجلا ةينيدلا صوصنلا ىلع ةينبملا ثوحبلاو امومع ةيملعلا ثوحبلل اقافآ حتفيو ‏،يهلإ نيدك ةيعيرشتلا يلاتلابو ةيفرعملا مالسإلا ‏َةعَنَم رهظي يملعلا ‏.تايصوتو ‏ٍتاجاتنتساب ثحبلا ‏ُمتْخُيو ‏.ًاصوصخ ةحيحصلا ‏.سنجلا ديدحتو ةيسنجلا تاموسوموركلاو ةيمزالبوتيسلا ةثارولا ‏،ةثارو ‏،زاجعإ ‏،ةفيرشلا ةيوبنلا ةنسلا ‏،ميركلا نآرقلا ‏:ةلادلا تاملكلا ISHIM 2011-2012 29
Bilal AHMAD GHAREEB Introduction Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms or the means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring (Glanze, 1996). Even if ancient people had practical understanding of genetics and transmission of genes, it was an empirical knowledge not scientifically formulated. They practiced plant and animal selection for breeding in the next seasons. They evidently practiced human genetic selection upon choosing their mates! However, only relatively recently, the precise statistical and molecular basis of genetics were discovered (e.g. Mendel’s first and second laws of inheritance, the gene idea, the double helical structure of DNA, central dogma of the information flow in the cell from DNA to RNA to final product like proteins, different species of RNA,…). Actually, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian Augustinian priest and scientist, found out spectacular and fundamental laws named after him (Mendel’s Laws: the first law of segregation of alleles upon meiotic cell division and Mendel’s second law of independent assortment of the alleles of different loci upon independent assortment in gametes). Mendel is therefore, considered the “Father of modern genetics”. In Holy Qur’an and the Sayings of the Prophet of Islam, Mohammad, peace be upon him (PBUH), spectacular relevant indications with genetics are found. In this paper, extra-nuclear genetics, sex chromosomes and sex determination are explored with important social conclusions (e.g. beneficence to parents…) and theological (e.g. the authenticity of Islam with its texts) as well as scientific conclusions (conducting research based on authentic religious texts). Details are presented in the following sections (Extra- Nuclear Genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and their Applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith). And say: Praise be to Allah, He will show you His signs so that you shall recognize them; nor is your Lord heedless of what you do (AL-Naml, The Ant, The Ants, Qur’an Chapter 27, Verse 93) Extra-Nuclear Genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination and their Applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)) اهلصو نمف ‏،ةنجش محرلا لاق هللا لوسر نأ ةشئاع نع (5989 يراخبلا حيحص)‏ هتعطق اهعطق نمو ‏،هتلصو The scientific inquiry is a religious duty to fear and get closer to God as Those truly fear Allah, among His Servants, who have knowledge! And of men and beasts and cattle are various species of it likewise; those of His servants only who are possessed of knowledge fear Allah; surely Allah is Mighty, Forgiving (Fatir, The Angels, Orignator, Qur’an Chapter 35, Verse 28). ‏ُهُناَوْلَأ ‏ٌفِلَتْخُم ‏ِماَعْنَأْلاَو ‏ِّباَوَّدلاَو ‏ِساَّنلا ‏َنِمَو ‏َهَّللا ‏َّنِإ ءاَمَلُعْلا ‏ِهِداَبِع ‏ْنِم ‏َهَّللا ىَشْخَي اَمَّنِإ ‏َكِلَذَك (28 :35 رطاف)‏ ‏ٌروُفَغ ‏ٌزيِزَع كبر امو اهنوفرعتف هتايآ مكيريس هلل دمحلا لقو ( 93 لمنلا(‏ نولمعت امع لفاغب Important consequences can be extracted in our social life especially kindness with parents and close relatives and caring for them: هذهو نمحرلا انأ ىلاعت هللا لوقي هللا لوسر لوق نمو ‏،هتلصو اهلصو نمف يمسا نم ‏ًامسا اهل ‏ُتققش ‏ُمحَّرلا مكاحلاو حيحص ثيدح لاقو يذمرتلا هاور)‏ هتعطق اهعطق ةاكزلا يف دواد وبأو ؛‎1680‎ مقرب دمحأ هاورو هححصو 4/157 .(1694 مقرب Methodology All the relevant texts (verses from the Holy Qur’an, the Sayings Mohammad’s Mohammad’s or Hadith of Mohammad, PBUH) were taken into consideration to screen for genetic knowledge. The focus is made in this paper on extra-nuclear genetics, sex chromosomes, sex determination and their applications in Holy Qur’an and the Honorable Hadith. Screening and exploration of links were conducted in both senses: religious texts were projected on modern genetics and vice versa. In some cases holy texts were read in order to find links with genetics. In others, modern genetics were screened in order to find links with the holy texts. In addition to the Qur’an verses, Hadiths of authentic order only were considered. Extra-Nuclear Genetics and Sex Chromosomes in Qur’an and the Sayings of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) When most people think of DNA, they think of it as stored in chromosomes that reside and perform their functions like replication inside the nucleus. Extra nuclear inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts (Birky et al., 1994). Sex chromosomes are represented by a pair of chromosomes, usually designated X or Y, in the germ cells of most animals and some plants, that combine to determine the sex and sex-linked characteristics of an individual, with XX resulting in a female and XY in a male in mammals. The opposite is true in birds (where the designations ZW for female and ZZ for male are often used). Sex chromosomes carry the genes that control the development of reproduc- 30 ISHIM 2011-2012
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Islamic Medicine and Future Western
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The Curing Power of the Old Thermal
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The Curing Power of the Old Thermal
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Hijamat (Cupping therapy) and Gynae
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Hijamah (Cupping): A Graeco-Islamic
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The Relation between Times Progress
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The Relation between Times Progress
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History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB 1 , M
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History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB, Mohd
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Prof. Dr. Aysegul Demirhan Erdemir
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