Journal of - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

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Mohd NAYAB, Mohd ANWAR, A.M.K.SHERWANI History of Hijamat ‣ Katifain (both shoulders) ‣ Us’us (coccyx) ‣ Zandain /Zindain (both forearms) ‣ Sāqain (both shanks) ‣ Urqubain (both Achilles tendons). 33 Ibne Sena has discussed about Hijāmat in the first volume of Al Qanoon-fil-Tibb. Along with the description of Hijamat in detail he has pointed out certain important aspects as follows: (A) For the local evacuation of humors Hijāmat is better than Fasd. (B) Hijāmat should be preferred in individuals with diluted blood than in concentrated blood. (C) Hijāmat is less beneficial in obese individuals having viscid blood, because it is difficult to suck the blood due to its viscosity. 34 Ismail Jurjāni also described all the aspects of Hijāmat. Apart from this he also mentioned the age limits for Hijamat. According to him, Hijāmat is contraindicated in children below the age of two years and in elderly persons above the age of sixty years. 35 This age limit is particularly to Hijāmat-bil-Shurt. Ibne Hubal also discussed about the Hijāmat. He writes in his book Kitabul Mukhtarāt, “Hijāmat sucks out the blood from those small blood vessels which are scattered in the muscles and skin, so it does not produces weakness as in the case of Fasd. It reduces the congestion from the particular organ and the adjacent organs. 36 Ibn-ul-Quf has mentioned the Hijāmat vividly in his book Al-umdah-fil-jarāhat. He described Hijāmat-bil-shurt and Hijāmat-bilā-shurt in two separate chapters. Explaining the purpose of Hijāmat, he writes: “the sanguineous material which is to be evacuated may be in any of the four sites: 1. Superficial part of the body 2. Deeper part of the body 3. Both deep and superficial parts of the body. 4. In between the deeper and superficial part of the body. In case of the first condition, it will be evacuated by Hijāmat, in second and third will be drained by the Fasd (venesection) and in fourth by Tālēq (leeching). 37 Conclusion: It was a very popular mode of treatment in older time but as the time passed the rules of Hijāmat were gradually forgotten due to negligence, dereliction and abstention un- til those rules were obliterated and lost except few ones. Due to the improper performance by some medical persons it did not achieved the expected results and people started to avoid it. Some physicians did not take care about the indications, contraindications, time and sites of Hijāmat so the people did not achieves the promised benefits. Apart from this negligence much emphasis is being given these days. References 1. Ibne Manzur. Lisan-ul-Arab. Vol. 7 th . Beirut: Dar Sadir; YNM: 332. 2. Ferozuddin Maulvi. Feroz-ul-Lughat. Delhi: Kutub Khanah Hamidiah; 1987: 160, 443. 3. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/cupping htm 4. Ferozabadi. Al Qamus-ul-Muheet. Vol. 1 st . YNM: 869, 1410. 5. Rāzi. Mukhtar-ul-Sehat. (Edited by Mahmud Khatir). Part 1 st . Maktaba-e-Lebanon Nashirun; 1994: 53. 6. Kabiruddin M. Tarjuma wa Sharh Kulliyat-e-Nafisi. Vol.2 nd . New Delhi: Idara-e-Kitabul-Shifa; 1954: 453-54. 7. Kabēruddēn M. Kulliyāt-e-Qānūn. Pakistan: Sheikh Mohd Basheer and Sons; 1930: 344-350. 8. Crouwn JM. Arabic-English Dictionary. New York: Spoken Language Service Inc; 1976: 465. 9. Husainī A. Mu’jizāt-ul-Shifā’ bil-Hijāmat wa’l-Kāsāt-il-Hawā. Cairo: Maktabat-ul-Qur’ān; 2003: 5-10. 10. Qadēr A. Tārēkh-e-Tibb wa-Akhlāqiyāt. Delhi: A’immah Publications; 2001: 19. 11. Ghassan J. Tibb-ul-Hijamah. Beirut: Dar-ul-Harf-il-Arabi; 2005: 14, 54-55. 12. http:// health. Leaninfinfo.org/alternative-health/cupping.htm#wh. 13. http://www.mssussex.com/therapies/cupping.htm. 14. Ibne Abi Usaiba. Uyūn-ul-Anbā’ fi Tabqāt-il-Atibba. (Urdu Translation by CCRUM). Vol. 1 st . Delhi: Ali Corporation of India; 1990: 337. 15. Jāfari SAH. Tārēkh-e-Tibb wa Atibbā-e-Qadēm. Lucknow: Nāmi Press; 1975: 39. 16. Jēlānī G. Tārēkh-ul-Atibbā. Lahore: Nadēm Yunus Press; YNM: 365. 17. Nagrami H. Unani Advia-e-Murakkaba. Lucknow: Khursheed Book Depot; 1995: 283. 18. Bukhari Abu Abdullah. As-Sahih Al-Bukhari (Edited by M. Muhsin Khan). 5 th ed. Vol.7 th . New Delhi: Nusrat Ali Publication; 1984: 395- 453. 19. Mālik-bin-Anas Imām. Moattā Imām Mālik (Edited by Mohammad Fuwād Abdulbāqī). Vol.2 nd . Beirut: Idārah Ihyā-ul-Turath-il-Arabī; YNM: 974. 20. Bukhāri Abu Abdullah. As-Sahih-Al-Bukhari (Edited by Mustafā Dēb Al-Bughā). Vol.5 th . Dār Ibn Kasēr al-Yamāmah; 1987: 2156-2157. 21. Muslim-bin-Hajjāj. As-Sahēh-Al-Muslim (Edited by Mohammad Fuwād Abd-ul-Bāqi). Vol.3 rd . Beirut: Idārah Ihyā’-ul-Turāth-il-Arabi; YNM: 1204-1205. 22. Shifā’i Abu Abdullāh. Musnad-ul-Shifā’i. Vol.1 st . Beirut: Dār-ul- Kutub-il-Ilmiyah; YNM: 191. 23. Abu-Owānah Yāqūb-bin-Is’hāque. Musnad abi Owānah. Vol.13 th . Beirut: Dār-ul-Ma’rifah; YNM: 357. 156 ISHIM 2011-2012
History of Hijamat Mohd NAYAB, Mohd ANWAR, A.M.K.SHERWANI 24. Tirmizī Abu Īsā. Sunan-ul-Tirmizī. (Edited by Ahmad Mohammad Shākir and others). Vol.4 th . Beirut: Idārah Ihyā’-ul-Turath-il-Arabi; YNM: 390-391. 25. Qazvaini Abu Abdullāh. Sunan Ibn Mājah (Edited by Mohammad Fuwād Abd-ul-Bāqi). Vol.2 nd . Beirut: Dār-ul-Fikr; YNM: 1151-54. 26. Sajistāni Abu Dāwūd. Sunan Abi Dāwūd. (Edited by Mohammad Mohiyuddēn Abd-ul-Hameed). Vol.4 th . Beirut: Dar-ul-Fikr; YNM: 4-5. 27. Muslim-bin-Hajjāj. As-Sahēh Al-Muslim (Edited by Mohammad Fuwād Abd-ul-Bāqi). Vol.2 nd . Beirut: Idarah Ihyā’-ul-Turāth-il-Arabi; YNM: 862. 28. Sajistani Abu Daud. Sunan Abi Daud (Edited by Mohammad Mohiyuddēn Abd-ul-Hameed). Vol.2 nd . Beirut: Dār-ul-Fikr; YNM: 309. 29. Qazvaini Abu Abdullāh. Sunan Ibn Mājah. (Edited by Mohammad Fuwad Abd-ul-Bāqi). Vol.1 st . Beirut: Dār-ul-Fikr; YNM: 537. 30. Nagrāmi H. Tārēkh-e-Tibb. New Delhi: Qaumi Council Barā’e Faroghe-Urdu Zabān; 1999: 84, 210, 254. 31. Rāzi Z. Kitāb-ul-Hawi fil-Tibb. Vol. 11. Hyderabad: Dā’erat-ul-M’ārif; 1962: 101,124,131, 150, 184, 252, 263, 264, 268, 269, 273. 32. Majūsī A. Kāmil-ul-Senā’a. (Urdu Translation by Kintūrī). Vol.1 st . Lucknow: Munshi Naval Kishore; 1889: 531-534. 33. Zahrawi AQ. Al-Zahrawi. Lucknow: Matba’ Nāmi; 1908: 180-185. 34. Ibne Sena. Al Qānoon fil-Tibb. (English Translation by Jamia Hamdard). Vol.1 st . New Delhi: Jamia Hamdard; 1995: 321-323, 287. 35. Jurjāni Ismāil. Zakhērah Khawārzam Shāhi. (Urdu translation by Hādi Hasan Khān). 1 st ed. Vol.3 rd . Lucknow: Munshi Naval Kishore; 1136: 222-223. 36. Ibne Hubal. Kitabul Mukhtarāt fil Tibb. (Urdu translation by CCRUM). Vol.1 st . New Delhi: Ministry of Health and FW. Govt. of India; 2005: 277-78. 37. Ibn-ul-Quf. Kitabul Umda fil Jarahat. (Urdu Translation by CCRUM). Vol.1 st . New Delhi: Ministry of Health and FW. Govt. of India; 1986:194-200. ISHIM 2011-2012 157
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