Journal of - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

Journal of - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine Journal of - International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

15.01.2015 Views

Gülkızılca YÜRÜR The American Hospital in Gaziantep, The History of the Connected Medical School and Nursing School and Their Effects on Their Enviroment In 1922, the War of Independance in Anatolia came to a succesful end. After the occupation forces were pulled vack and a secular Turkish state was established in October 1923, all kinds of religious activity, service and the use of religious symbols were forbidden in the American Hospital (12). The Christian populations of Antep followed the withdrawing French Army, migrating especially towards Syria. Under these circumstances, the patients seeking the services of the American hospital were mainly consisting of Muslim populations. For the first time in the history of the Hospital, between December 1921-July 1922, the number of the Muslim patients exceeded the number of the Christian ones. By 1923, 96% of the patients we Muslims (7) The Nursing School The sources trace the beginnings of the nursing education in the Ottoman Empire to the course for medical attendants, established by Besim Omer Pasa in Kadirga in 1911, inspired by the Red Cross Conference the Paşa attended in Washington in 1907 (21). Mistakenly, the first Nursing School in Turkey is cited to be the one established in the Amiral Bristol American Hospital in Istanbul in 1920 (22). However, the first nursing school of the American School in Antep was founded officially already in 1912. The director of the school was head nurse Alice Bewer (12). After 1914, with the increasing military use of the hospital, this school most probably closed up, after giving its first graduates. In Brian Johnson’s book on the history of the Antep American hospital, it is stated that the graduates of this school served in Ottoman military hospitals during I. World War. One of the graduates even became the director of the Red Crescent Hospital in Antep. Johnson states that, due to the improvements this nurse achieved in the conditions of therapy and hygiene, the Ottoman officials in due course appointed her as an administrator to six other military hospitals (12). After the 1930’s, the number of native doctors in Turkey increased in high speed. In 1958, Dr. Dewey, the director of the Antep American Hospital, defined the necessity of building closer ties of cooperation with the local medical establishment and with the Turkish government and after the 1960’s, projects of public health and health education became a focus point of the hospital. This was when the nursing and medical attendant courses, run informally, became institutionalised. In the report of the Hospital Association from 1964, it is stated that, although the hospital did not have a formal school, nursing education is continued in the hospital and that 70 thousand lira is spent each year for each nursing student (20). Finally, in 1973, a nursing school was officially opened. The private nursing school was directed by the head nurse Muzaffer Kürkçü. In the first year, the school was started with 15 young women (20). In 1977, after the legal regulations changed, the school had to fulfill the requirements put for schools of higher education and the school had to close in 1978. In 1995, the school made a last attempt and could last this time only for four years, after giving one generation of graduates (23). The Relations of the ABCFM Missionaries with the City In the eyes of the missionaries, Antep was always a backward city in a thousand year old sleep. However, inspite of the prejudiced gaze of the missionaries and the tensions of the clashing ethnicities, the people of Antep easily accepted the medical services offered in the hospital. In time, the missionaries seem to have developed emotional attachments to the city, with active involvement in urban life and like in the example of the Shepard family, left a mark in the memories of the people. Antep had its local doctors, pharmacists and midwives before the missionaries came. Although not institutionalized and quite random, professionals of modern medicine practiced here.But, the missionary doctors of the ABCFM traveled regularly on horse back through village and towns, dispersed medicine and provided organised cure during epidemics of typhus and cholera, followed and applied quarantine regulations, like keeping villagers with infectious diseases in the wards and not letting them back in their villages, they effectively intervened in cases of trahoma and cataract and so saved many from blindness, opened soup kitchens during famines, supported patients in need with food and medicine and so, contributed greatly to the acceptance of modern medicine in Antep. In time, the Antep American Hospital turned into an institution providing secular health care services. The policies of the Turkish government play a big part in this transformation. Today also, the hospital functions as an intermittant between philanthropic organisations in the USA and the patients needing financial support in Antep. Conclusion World wide, ABCFM contributed to the adjustment of local economies to the global market. In the Ottoman Empire too, one of the goals was to create new needs and 140 ISHIM 2011-2012

The American Hospital in Gaziantep, The History of the Connected Medical School and Nursing School and Their Effects on Their Enviroment Gülkızılca YÜRÜR abilities in the local populations, that would turn them into modern producers and consumers. Institutionalized services of healthcare, together with services of modern education, was a basic field of intervention towards this transformation. Generalizing from the example of the work of the medical missionaries in Antep we could say that: One of the significant dynamics contributing to the acceptance of modern medicine in Ottoman lands were the organised efforts of the Protestant missionaries. The modern hospital established by the ABCFM in Antep became, in the turbulance of historical change, permanent and resistant, changing into a secular, philanthropic institution. The schools of medicine and nursing, although not as enduring, contributed to social change in the field of healthcare. References 1) Andrew John, A.. III., 1992, “Religious Revivals and Revivalism in 1830s New England”, www.teachushistory.org, checked in: 15.1.2012 2) Penrose, S.B.,1941, That They May Have Life: The Story of the American University of Beirut, 1866-1941, New York, The Trustees of the American University of Beirut 3) Denett, T., 1918, The Democratic Movement in Asia, Association Press, New York 4) Alan G. and Gülbadi, P., 2011,”The American Board and the Ottoman Women’s Education”, History Studies: ABD ve Büyük Ortadoğu İlişkileri Özel Sayısı, p.105-117 5) Strong, W.E., 1910, The Story of the American Board, An Account of the First Hundred years of The American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Missions, Boston, The Pilgrim Press 6) Öztürk, A., 2007,”American Board’un Kuruluşu, Teşkilatlanması ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurduğu Misyonlar”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , nr. :23, p.63-74 7) Baytop, T., 2008, Antep’in Öncü Hekimleri: Merkezi Türkiye Koleji Tıp Bölümü ve Antep Amerikan Hastanesi, İstanbul, SEV Publications 8) Taşkın, F., 2007,”Amerikan Misyoner Okullarından Merkezi Türkiye Koleji, 1876-1924”, unpublished Masters Thesis, Mersin, Mersin University 9) Doğanay, R., 2009, “Amerikalıların Antep Misyonunun Kuruluş ve Faaliyetleri Hakkında Bir Deneme”, History Studies, Vol.1/1, p.17-34 10) Çukurova, B., 2007, “XIX. Yüzyılda Anadolu’da Aile ve Toplumda Kadının Statüsü (Antep İli Örneği)”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), p.128-133 11) Mazıcıoğlu, M., Üstünbaş, H., 2010, “Gaziantep’te American Board Tarafından Yürütülen Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Aile Hekimliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, TJFMPC, Nr. 2, p.8-11 12) Johnson, B., 2008, Şifahane, The House of Healing, İstanbul, SEV American Hospital Publication 13) Bradsby, H.C., 1891, http://www.joycetice.com/bradsby/bio1195. htm, checked in: 26.11.2012 14) Shepard Riggs, M.A., 1920, Shepard of Aintab, NewYork, Interchurch Press 15) Mazıcıoğlu, M., Hatipoğlu, N., Ustünbaş, H., 2009,”1890’ların Başında Kayseri Amerikan Hastanesi’nin Faaliyetleri”, Türk Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 13 (2), , p.101-110 16) Baytop, A., 2003, Türkiye’de Botanik Tarihi Araştırmaları, Akademik Dizi 3, Ankara, TÜBİTAK Yayınları, p.492-501 17) “Obituary to Lorrin Shepard”, The New York Times Newspaper, July 21, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/21/obituaries/lorrin-ashepard-missionary-in-turkey-till-57-dies-at-93.htmlscp=1&sq=lor rin+shepard&st=nyt, checked in: 24.11.2012 18) Barlas, U, 1971, Gaziantep Tıp Okulu Tarihi ve Azınlık Okulları, Karabük, Gaziantep Kültür Derneği Publications 19) Meyer, E., 1917, Medical Education and Medical Practice in Turkey, Report presented to the Rockefeller Foundation’s International Health Board by the ABCFM, unpublished typewritten manuscript 20) Gaziantep Amerikan Hastanesi’ni Yaşatma ve Sağlık Personelini Yetiştirme Derneği’nin Kuruluşu Münasebetiyle Yapılan Toplantıda Sunulan Rapor, 1964, Gaziantep Kültür Dergisi: 7/Nr. 42, p.42 21) Sarı, Nil, 1998, “Osmanlı Sağlık Hayatında Kadının Yeri”, in: Yıldırım, N.ed., Sağlık Alanında Türk Kadını: Cumhuriyet’in ve Tıp Fakültesi’ne Kız Öğrenci Kabulünün 75. Yılı, İstanbul, Novartis 22) Çeviker, G., 2012, Amiral Bristol Hemşirelik Okulu Tarihi, İstanbul, Koç University Publications 23) SEV Antep American Hospital’s website, http://www.amerikanhastanesi.com/Default.aspGB=2&GD=13&Param=, checked in: 20.10.2011 re Muslims (7). ISHIM 2011-2012 141

The American Hospital in Gaziantep, The <strong>History</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Connected Medical<br />

School and Nursing School and Their Effects on Their Enviroment<br />

Gülkızılca YÜRÜR<br />

abilities in <strong>the</strong> local populations, that would turn <strong>the</strong>m into<br />

modern producers and consumers. Institutionalized services<br />

<strong>of</strong> healthcare, toge<strong>the</strong>r with services <strong>of</strong> modern education,<br />

was a basic field <strong>of</strong> intervention towards this trans<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />

Generalizing from <strong>the</strong> example <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> medical missionaries in Antep we could say that: One<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> significant dynamics contributing to <strong>the</strong> acceptance<br />

<strong>of</strong> modern medicine in Ottoman lands were <strong>the</strong> organised<br />

ef<strong>for</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Protestant missionaries. The modern hospital<br />

established by <strong>the</strong> ABCFM in Antep became, in <strong>the</strong> turbulance<br />

<strong>of</strong> historical change, permanent and resistant, changing<br />

into a secular, philanthropic institution. The schools <strong>of</strong><br />

medicine and nursing, although not as enduring, contributed<br />

to social change in <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> healthcare.<br />

References<br />

1) Andrew John, A.. III., 1992, “Religious Revivals and Revivalism in<br />

1830s New England”, www.teachushistory.org, checked in: 15.1.2012<br />

2) Penrose, S.B.,1941, That They May Have Life: The Story <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Beirut, 1866-1941, New York, The Trustees <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

American University <strong>of</strong> Beirut<br />

3) Denett, T., 1918, The Democratic Movement in Asia, Association<br />

Press, New York<br />

4) Alan G. and Gülbadi, P., 2011,”The American Board and <strong>the</strong> Ottoman<br />

Women’s Education”, <strong>History</strong> Studies: ABD ve Büyük Ortadoğu<br />

İlişkileri Özel Sayısı, p.105-117<br />

5) Strong, W.E., 1910, The Story <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Board, An Account <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> First Hundred years <strong>of</strong> The American Board <strong>of</strong> Commissioners For<br />

Foreign Missions, Boston, The Pilgrim Press<br />

6) Öztürk, A., 2007,”American Board’un Kuruluşu, Teşkilatlanması ve<br />

Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurduğu Misyonlar”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal<br />

Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , nr. :23, p.63-74<br />

7) Baytop, T., 2008, Antep’in Öncü Hekimleri: Merkezi Türkiye Koleji Tıp<br />

Bölümü ve Antep Amerikan Hastanesi, İstanbul, SEV Publications<br />

8) Taşkın, F., 2007,”Amerikan Misyoner Okullarından Merkezi Türkiye<br />

Koleji, 1876-1924”, unpublished Masters Thesis, Mersin, Mersin University<br />

9) Doğanay, R., 2009, “Amerikalıların Antep Misyonunun Kuruluş ve<br />

Faaliyetleri Hakkında Bir Deneme”, <strong>History</strong> Studies, Vol.1/1, p.17-34<br />

10) Çukurova, B., 2007, “XIX. Yüzyılda Anadolu’da Aile ve Toplumda<br />

Kadının Statüsü (Antep İli Örneği)”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler<br />

Dergisi, 6(2), p.128-133<br />

11) Mazıcıoğlu, M., Üstünbaş, H., 2010, “Gaziantep’te American Board<br />

Tarafından Yürütülen Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Aile<br />

Hekimliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, TJFMPC, Nr. 2, p.8-11<br />

12) Johnson, B., 2008, Şifahane, The House <strong>of</strong> Healing, İstanbul, SEV<br />

American Hospital Publication<br />

13) Bradsby, H.C., 1891, http://www.joycetice.com/bradsby/bio1195.<br />

htm, checked in: 26.11.2012<br />

14) Shepard Riggs, M.A., 1920, Shepard <strong>of</strong> Aintab, NewYork, Interchurch<br />

Press<br />

15) Mazıcıoğlu, M., Hatipoğlu, N., Ustünbaş, H., 2009,”1890’ların Başında<br />

Kayseri Amerikan Hastanesi’nin Faaliyetleri”, Türk Aile Hekimliği<br />

Dergisi, 13 (2), , p.101-110<br />

16) Baytop, A., 2003, Türkiye’de Botanik Tarihi Araştırmaları, Akademik<br />

Dizi 3, Ankara, TÜBİTAK Yayınları, p.492-501<br />

17) “Obituary to Lorrin Shepard”, The New York Times Newspaper, July<br />

21, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/21/obituaries/lorrin-ashepard-missionary-in-turkey-till-57-dies-at-93.htmlscp=1&sq=lor<br />

rin+shepard&st=nyt, checked in: 24.11.2012<br />

18) Barlas, U, 1971, Gaziantep Tıp Okulu Tarihi ve Azınlık Okulları,<br />

Karabük, Gaziantep Kültür Derneği Publications<br />

19) Meyer, E., 1917, Medical Education and Medical Practice in Turkey,<br />

Report presented to <strong>the</strong> Rockefeller Foundation’s <strong>International</strong><br />

Health Board by <strong>the</strong> ABCFM, unpublished typewritten manuscript<br />

20) Gaziantep Amerikan Hastanesi’ni Yaşatma ve Sağlık Personelini<br />

Yetiştirme Derneği’nin Kuruluşu Münasebetiyle Yapılan Toplantıda<br />

Sunulan Rapor, 1964, Gaziantep Kültür Dergisi: 7/Nr. 42, p.42<br />

21) Sarı, Nil, 1998, “Osmanlı Sağlık Hayatında Kadının Yeri”, in: Yıldırım,<br />

N.ed., Sağlık Alanında Türk Kadını: Cumhuriyet’in ve Tıp Fakültesi’ne<br />

Kız Öğrenci Kabulünün 75. Yılı, İstanbul, Novartis<br />

22) Çeviker, G., 2012, Amiral Bristol Hemşirelik Okulu Tarihi, İstanbul,<br />

Koç University Publications<br />

23) SEV Antep American Hospital’s website, http://www.amerikanhastanesi.com/Default.aspGB=2&GD=13&Param=,<br />

checked in:<br />

20.10.2011 re Muslims (7).<br />

ISHIM 2011-2012<br />

141

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