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xii<br />

Contents<br />

17.2.1 Stationary Sources 446<br />

17.2.2 Mobile Sources 450<br />

17.2.3 Bioaerosol Sources 453<br />

17.3 Engineered Nanoparticles: Intentionally<br />

Produced 455<br />

17.3.1 Flame Aerosol Reactor (FLAR) 456<br />

17.3.1.1 Nanoparticle formation in<br />

FLAR 457<br />

17.3.1.2 Film deposition via FLAR 459<br />

17.3.2 Furnace Aerosol Reactor (FuAR) 462<br />

17.3.2.1 Nanoparticle formation in FuAR 462<br />

17.3.2.2 Film deposition via FuAR 464<br />

17.4 Nanotoxicology 465<br />

18. Ultrafine Particles on and Near Roadways 477<br />

Yifang Zhu<br />

18.1 Introduction 477<br />

18.2 Health Effects of Ultrafine Particles 478<br />

18.2.1 Toxicological Studies 478<br />

18.2.2 Epidemiological Studies 479<br />

18.3 Vehicle-Emitted Ultrafine Particles 479<br />

18.4 Spatial Profiles of Ultrafine Particles Near<br />

Roadways 481<br />

18.5 Ultrafine Particles on Freeways 483<br />

18.6 Ultrafine Particle Penetrating Into Indoor<br />

Environments 485<br />

18.7 Ultrafine Particle Penetrating Into In-Cabin 486<br />

18.8 Summary 487<br />

19. Allophane and Imogolite Nanoparticles in Soil and<br />

Their Environmental Applications 493<br />

Guodong Yuan and Shin-Ichiro Wada<br />

19.1 Introduction 493<br />

19.2 Occurrence, Formation, and Characterisation<br />

of Allophane and Imogolite 494<br />

19.3 Surface Properties of Allophane and Imogolite 499<br />

19.4 Environmental Applications of Allophane and<br />

Imogolite 502

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