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Contents
xi
16. Formation and Growth of Atmospheric Aerosol
Particles 399
Tuukka Petäjä, Miikka Dal Maso, Mikko Sipilä, Ilona Riipinen,
Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
16.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Aerosols 399
16.2 Atmospheric Aerosol Formation and Growth:
Background and the State of the Art 400
16.3 Observations of Aerosol Formation:
Instrument Development 403
16.3.1 Precursor Gases 403
16.3.2 Atmospheric Ions 404
16.3.3 Aerosol Particles 405
16.4 Laboratory Experiments on Aerosol
Formation 407
16.4.1 Flow Tube Experiments with Acid
and Water 407
16.4.2 Multi-Component Flow Tube
Experiments 408
16.4.3 Chamber Experiments 409
16.5 Atmospheric Observations of Aerosol Formation 411
16.6 Theoretical Understanding of Atmospheric
Nucleation Processes 414
16.7 Parameterization of Atmospheric Aerosol
Formation and Modeling: Its Impacts on
Atmospheric Aerosol Concentrations 416
16.7.1 Nucleation and Aerosol Formation
Parameterizations 416
16.7.2 Modeling the Global and Regional
Atmospheric Aerosol Concentrations 418
16.8 Summary and Future Directions 420
Part IV
Engineered Nanoparticles in the
Environment 441
17. Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment:
Inadvertently and Intentionally Produced 443
Pratim Biswas, Woo-Jin An, and Wei-Ning Wang
17.1 Introduction 443
17.2 Engineered Nanoparticles: Inadvertently
Produced 445