World Congress of Malacology Antwerp ... - Unitas Malacologica

Comprehensive phylogeographic surveys for many marine molluscan clades support this pattern.
Moreover, many broadly distributed species turn out to be species complexes of allopatrically
distributed lineages. Allopatric diversification can occur on basinal, sub-basinal, peripheral or
archipelagic scales, and is most strongly related to dispersal ability. A survey of available
phylogeographic studies for over 100 described marine species reveals that these taxa actually
represent nearly 300 distinct lineages; an average allopatric cryptic multiplier of ~x3. The results are
strongly bimodal, however, based on larval type. Those with feeding larvae, and presumably greater
dispersal ability, have an average x2.8 multiplier; whereas those without feeding larvae average x14.
Given that much of molluscan diversity is small, and that dispersal ability tends to scale with size, the
prevalence of allopatrically distributed species complexes in micromollusks may contribute
substantially to global marine species estimates.
A combinatorial phylogenetic analysis of Conoidea
Meyer, Christopher P. 1 .; Duda, Thomas F. 2 ; Rawlings, Timothy 3 ; Kohn, Alan J. 4 ; Todd,
Jonathan A. 5 ; Olivera, Baldomero M. 6 , Watkins, Maren 7 ; Ownby, John-Paul 6 ; Thomas,
Richard 8
1. Berkeley Natural History Museums, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 95720, USA,
Email: cpmeyer@berkeley.edu
2. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA,
Email: tfduda@umich.edu
3. Dept. of Biology, Cape Breton University, PO Box 5300, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova
Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada,
Email: Timothy_Rawlings@cbu.ca
4. Dept. of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA,
Email: kohn@u.washington.edu
5. Palaeontology Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK,
Email: j.todd@nhm.ac.uk
6. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA,
Email: olivera@biology.utah.edu, jonpol@gmail.com
7. Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,
Email: maren.watkins@hsc.utah.edu
8. Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale IL 62901-6899,
USA, Email: rthomas@zoology.siu.edu
In joint collaboration, we assembled a supermatrix of all available mtDNA sequence data for
Conoidea species to better assess overall relationships within the group. The dataset includes
members of twelve currently recognized familes/subfamilies within the superfamily, with especially
broad coverage across the genus Conus. Based on examination of sequence similarity, we culled a
larger dataset consisting of over 1500 OTUs to 334 exemplar taxa that best represent independent
species or ESUs. We performed a series of phylogenetic analyses using this data set: (A) separate
analyses for each of three genes, 16S, 12S and COI; (B) analyses including only taxa for which all
genes are present, with and without areas of ambiguous alignments; and (C) analyses including all
taxa regardless of sequence coverage, with and without areas of ambiguous alignments. We
compared the results from each of these analyses to determine if subtrees are concordant and if
certain species and/or sequences bias topological stability and support. We use the subsequent
phylogeny to examine Conoidea systematics, as well as evolutionary dynamics within the genus
Conus.
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