SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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5.3 Policy ........................................................................................................................... 79 5.4 Programme Responses ................................................................................................. 81 6. COUNTRY PROFILE: NEPAL ................................................................................... 88 6.1 Research Findings ........................................................................................................ 88 6.2 Legislation .................................................................................................................... 93 6.3 Policy ........................................................................................................................... 98 6.4 Programme Responses ................................................................................................. 99 7. COUNTRY PROFILE: PAKISTAN .......................................................................... 104 7.1 Research Findings ...................................................................................................... 104 7.2 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 112 7.3 Policy ......................................................................................................................... 118 8. COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA ........................................................................ 125 8.1 Research Findings ...................................................................................................... 125 8.2 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 133 8.3 Policy ......................................................................................................................... 139 8.4 Programme Responses ............................................................................................... 141 9. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 148 9.1 Research ..................................................................................................................... 149 9.2 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 149 9.3 Policy ......................................................................................................................... 152 9.5 Programming .............................................................................................................. 153 viii
INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and the world, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation adversely affect the lives of countless children, from preschool boys and girls to adolescents. No country in South Asia 1 is exempt from of the occurrence of child sexual abuse and exploitation, although the full magnitude of the problem is unknown. One of the greatest challenges to addressing child sexual abuse and exploitation is its hidden nature – children, families, schools, institutions and governments are reluctant to report abuse for numerous reasons, and the majority of cases go unreported. 2 The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre together with the UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia (ROSA) have conducted research and produced two reports on child trafficking in South Asia. 3 Among other findings, the study indicated that boys have less legal protection than girls from sexual abuse and exploitation and less access to services as victims. Findings from other studies indicate a similar disparity in addressing the needs and rights of boys. 4 Similarly, while there are some good examples of research on the sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia, the primary focus of research on the sexual exploitation of ‘children’ has been on girls. 5 For this reason, the Innocenti Research Centre and ROSA have identified sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of boys as an area in need of greater attention. This paper seeks to provide an overview of research, legislation, policies and programmatic responses to the sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in the region. While it is seen that the majority of legislation and policies that address ‘children’ adequately address ‘boys’, this paper notes areas in which the rights and needs of boys require greater focus. Among the concerns is the absence of legal commentary on legislation regarding boys’ issues and an absence of advocacy efforts to take action and amend laws to provide equal protection to boys. In some cases legislation covers only girls and women. And, although research shows that boys face nearly the same degree of sexual abuse and exploitation as girls, programming throughout the region is overwhelmingly directed at girls and women. 1 The countries of the UNICEF South Asia region are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 2 United Nations General Assembly (Pinheiro, P.S.), 2006, ‘Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children’. 3 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2008, ‘South Asia in action: Preventing and responding to child trafficking: Child rights-based programme practices’, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2008, ‘South Asia in action: Preventing and responding to child trafficking: Summary report’; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 2009, ‘South Asia in action: Preventing and responding to child trafficking: Analyses of anti-trafficking initiatives in the region. 4 Save the Children Alliance, 2005, ‘10 essential learning points: Listen and speak out against sexual abuse of girls and boys’. 5 For example, in the 2003 study by the Asian Development Bank, ‘Combatting trafficking of women and children in South Asia: Regional synthesis paper for Bangladesh, India, and Nepal’, there were 163 specific references to ‘girls’ and 17 specific references to ‘boys’. In the 2004 study by UNIFEM and the India National Human Rights Commission, ‘A report on trafficking in women and children in India 2002-2003, there were 466 specific references to ‘girls’ and 41 specific references to ‘boys’. 1
Page 1 and 2: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
Page 3 and 4: UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE Th
Page 5 and 6: Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
Page 7: Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
Page 13 and 14: oys in the home, community, institu
Page 15 and 16: general, adolescent girls are thoug
Page 17 and 18: accountable for their actions, blam
Page 19 and 20: sexual abuse is reported to be prev
Page 21 and 22: abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
Page 23 and 24: eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
Page 25 and 26: knowledge of the intermediate situa
Page 27 and 28: 2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
Page 29 and 30: have long experience working with a
Page 31 and 32: exploitation. The legal definition
Page 33 and 34: Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
Page 35 and 36: strengthen family and community pro
Page 37 and 38: constraints with the intention of i
Page 39 and 40: 3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
Page 41 and 42: Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
Page 43 and 44: unravel from cases of children sent
Page 45 and 46: well as the ‘violation of chastit
Page 47 and 48: Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
Page 49 and 50: orders. Data collection on the Paki
Page 51 and 52: trafficked or abused children are l
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
Page 55 and 56: concerning level of child sexual ab
Page 57 and 58: As elsewhere in the world, certain
Page 59 and 60:
female children in prostitution are
Page 61 and 62:
control the areas where the boys wo
Page 63 and 64:
In general, the country’s legisla
Page 65 and 66:
children from the sexual violence i
Page 67 and 68:
NPA was facilitated by an advisory
Page 69 and 70:
4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
Page 71 and 72:
children living on the street. In i
Page 73 and 74:
4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
Page 75 and 76:
5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
Page 77 and 78:
living on the street or on boys sex
Page 79 and 80:
times, these traditions have eroded
Page 81 and 82:
interviewed in the study stated tha
Page 83 and 84:
The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
Page 85 and 86:
assault’, which covers additional
Page 87 and 88:
esidences with persons not related
Page 89 and 90:
institutions. However, the NPAC has
Page 91 and 92:
The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
Page 93 and 94:
tourism operators, including airlin
Page 95 and 96:
negotiation and protection from sex
Page 97 and 98:
6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
Page 99 and 100:
the boys and one-quarter of the gir
Page 101 and 102:
situations such as domestic labour
Page 103 and 104:
fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
Page 105 and 106:
person “shall be deemed to have c
Page 107 and 108:
The NPA does not address linkages b
Page 109 and 110:
programmes on child rights and chil
Page 111 and 112:
The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
Page 113 and 114:
etween males is socially tolerated.
Page 115 and 116:
men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
Page 117 and 118:
The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120:
Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122:
Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124:
woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126:
punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128:
The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130:
LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131 and 132:
children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 133 and 134:
8.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA 377
Page 135 and 136:
The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138:
women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140:
Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142:
however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144:
Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146:
an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148:
destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150:
addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152:
dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154:
8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156:
identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158:
9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160:
• Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162:
• There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163 and 164:
• Develop interventions to addres
Page 165 and 166:
Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al.,
Page 167 and 168:
Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169 and 170:
UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 171 and 172:
International Labour Organization a
Page 173:
World Organisation Against Torture,
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