SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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the high levels of stress and violence within and between families and erosion of family safety nets, along with limitations of government and NGO coordination in addressing children at risk and the increasing number of children placed in orphanages. 128 The document provides for universal support services, targeted services for at-risk groups, remedial services to address the impact of abuse and the transformation of children’s institutions, with an emphasis on promoting community-based care and protection services. The strategy is intended to develop a national child protection system over its four-year span. The system is to include a Child Protection Secretariat to oversee policies, standards of care and quality of care services; a community-based Child and Family Support Services mechanism; and community-based Day Centre programmes for at-risk children. 3.4 Programme Responses 3.4.1 Children’s participation With UNICEF support, child rights organizations in Afghanistan have consulted children throughout the country and developed the Children’s Manifesto for Afghanistan, with an accompanying Framework for Action. The key issues for action include early marriage, child trafficking, hazardous labour and vocational training for children of the street. In 2003, UNICEF supported Save the Children Sweden-Norway to conduct children’s consultations in 11 provincial divisions of Afghanistan under a project titled ‘We are the Future of Afghanistan’. More than 800 children discussed their concerns and identified significant issues affecting their lives. 3.4.2 Monitoring and data collection To address the need for monitoring abuse and trafficking cases, the National Strategy for Children at Risk provides for the development of provincial Child Protection Action Networks (CPANs). These networks of government and non-governmental organizations collaborate to monitor the protection of Afghan children and facilitate the referral of abused children to services. The activity is supported by UNICEF, Save the Children Alliance, International Rescue Committee and other agencies. In 2007, UNICEF initiated ‘model CPANs’ in 11 pilot provinces under the auspices of the MoLSAMD. In 2008, the MoLSAMD requested UNICEF to expand the model to 18 provinces. Provincial CPANs provide monthly reports on child protection violations, including child sexual abuse. These reports, to be disaggregated by age and gender, will allow an analysis of the trends in sexual abuse and exploitation throughout the country. UNICEF supports child rights monitoring in the areas bordering Pakistan and Iran. Questionnaires for children and community members collect information about many aspects of child protection, including sexual abuse and trafficking. The monitoring started in early 2008, and data are forthcoming. In addition, UNICEF has supported ActionAid to undertake child protection assessments at two major border crossings on the Iranian and Pakistan 128 Afghanistan Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled, 2004, ‘National strategy for children at risk’. 40
orders. Data collection on the Pakistan border was completed in June 2008, and preliminary findings suggest that working/separated children face significant risks of sexual abuse in border areas. A Male Sexual Health Working Group has been formed to assist the National AIDS Control Programme of the Ministry of Public Health. Members include persons from the AIDS Control Programme, World Health Organization, UNICEF, Save the Children Norway, ActionAid and the Naz Foundation, among others. The Working Group aims to guide development of strategies, policies and guideline documents for the establishment and quality control of male sexual health care in Afghanistan. Part of its agenda is to assess male sexual health in Afghanistan. Towards that end, a joint study is being prepared by the National AIDS Control Programme and UNICEF on males having sex with males aimed at preventing HIV infection among the most-at-risk groups in Afghanistan. Investigation of the sexual abuse of boys has been incorporated into the conceptual framework of the study. 3.4.3 Legislative changes UNICEF and IOM support advocacy targeting parliamentarians in order to revise Afghan legislation on the rights of child victims of sexual abuse. An advocacy group called Civil Society against Sexual Abuse of Children in Afghanistan, which includes parliamentarians, has recently submitted recommendations to the Ministry of Education aimed at preventing sexual abuse of boys and girls in schools and communities. 3.4.4 Prevention through advocacy and awareness-raising In collaboration with the Government and NGO partners, IOM has conducted information campaigns through the broadcast media and at the community level, using schools as a medium to raise awareness about trafficking. Teachers in border areas who received trainingof-trainers from IOM have since trained over 10,000 teachers and have developed student clubs for peer awareness-raising. In 2007, the MoLSAMD conducted an awareness campaign with UNICEF assistance to educate the public on the dangers of trafficking and on resources for assistance. UNICEF recently launched a programme in the northern provinces, where most of the child trafficking occurs, aiming to identify the specific needs of children, assist communities in developing projects and services for children, and educate families on trafficking and related issues. 3.4.5 Prevention through outreach to vulnerable boys To promote community involvement in protecting children from abuse and exploitation, Save the Children Alliance in Afghanistan has developed a child protection monitoring tool. Used by children, community members and field workers, the tool records child protection incidents and issues and involves children in identifying and planning protection actions. 129 129 Save the Children, 2004, ‘Child sexual abuse in South Asia: A discussion paper’. (Regional review submitted to the UN Study on Violence against Children.) 41
Page 1 and 2: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
Page 3 and 4: UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE Th
Page 5 and 6: Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
Page 13 and 14: oys in the home, community, institu
Page 15 and 16: general, adolescent girls are thoug
Page 17 and 18: accountable for their actions, blam
Page 19 and 20: sexual abuse is reported to be prev
Page 21 and 22: abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
Page 23 and 24: eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
Page 25 and 26: knowledge of the intermediate situa
Page 27 and 28: 2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
Page 29 and 30: have long experience working with a
Page 31 and 32: exploitation. The legal definition
Page 33 and 34: Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
Page 35 and 36: strengthen family and community pro
Page 37 and 38: constraints with the intention of i
Page 39 and 40: 3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
Page 41 and 42: Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
Page 43 and 44: unravel from cases of children sent
Page 45 and 46: well as the ‘violation of chastit
Page 47: Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
Page 51 and 52: trafficked or abused children are l
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
Page 55 and 56: concerning level of child sexual ab
Page 57 and 58: As elsewhere in the world, certain
Page 59 and 60: female children in prostitution are
Page 61 and 62: control the areas where the boys wo
Page 63 and 64: In general, the country’s legisla
Page 65 and 66: children from the sexual violence i
Page 67 and 68: NPA was facilitated by an advisory
Page 69 and 70: 4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
Page 71 and 72: children living on the street. In i
Page 73 and 74: 4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
Page 75 and 76: 5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
Page 77 and 78: living on the street or on boys sex
Page 79 and 80: times, these traditions have eroded
Page 81 and 82: interviewed in the study stated tha
Page 83 and 84: The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
Page 85 and 86: assault’, which covers additional
Page 87 and 88: esidences with persons not related
Page 89 and 90: institutions. However, the NPAC has
Page 91 and 92: The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
Page 93 and 94: tourism operators, including airlin
Page 95 and 96: negotiation and protection from sex
Page 97 and 98: 6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
Page 99 and 100:
the boys and one-quarter of the gir
Page 101 and 102:
situations such as domestic labour
Page 103 and 104:
fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
Page 105 and 106:
person “shall be deemed to have c
Page 107 and 108:
The NPA does not address linkages b
Page 109 and 110:
programmes on child rights and chil
Page 111 and 112:
The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
Page 113 and 114:
etween males is socially tolerated.
Page 115 and 116:
men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
Page 117 and 118:
The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120:
Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122:
Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124:
woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126:
punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128:
The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130:
LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131 and 132:
children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 133 and 134:
8.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA 377
Page 135 and 136:
The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138:
women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140:
Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142:
however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144:
Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146:
an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148:
destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150:
addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152:
dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154:
8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156:
identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158:
9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160:
• Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162:
• There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163 and 164:
• Develop interventions to addres
Page 165 and 166:
Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al.,
Page 167 and 168:
Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169 and 170:
UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 171 and 172:
International Labour Organization a
Page 173:
World Organisation Against Torture,
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