SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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Innocenti Working Papers UNICEF Innocenti Working Papers are intended to disseminate initial research contributions within the Centre’s programme of work, addressing social, economic and institutional aspects of the realisation of the human rights of children. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authorand do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. The text has not been edited to official publications standards and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply on the part of UNICEF the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. © 2010 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ISSN: 1014-7837 This paper presents an overview of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses to prevent and respond to sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia. It represents a contribution to UNICEF IRCs research on the implementation of international standards and supplements previous IRC research on child trafficking in South Asia. For readers wishing to cite this document, we suggest the following form: Frederick, John (2009), ‘Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Boys in South Asia - A Review of Research Findings, Legislation, Policy and Programme Responses’ Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-02. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. ii
UNICEF <strong>IN</strong>NOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen the research capability of the United Nations Children’s Fund and to support its advocacy for children worldwide. The Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) generates knowledge and analysis to support policy formulation and advocacy in favour of children; acts as a convener and catalyst for knowledge exchange and strategic reflections on children’s concerns; and supports programme development and capacity-building. Innocenti studies present new knowledge and perspectives on critical issues affecting children, informing current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. The Centre’s publications represent contributions to a global debate on child rights issues, and include a range of opinions. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications which do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The Centre collaborates with its host institution in Florence, the Istituto degli Innocenti, in selected areas of work. Core funding for the Centre is provided by the Government of Italy and UNICEF. Additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments, international institutions and private sources, including by UNICEF National Committees, as well as by UNICEF offices in collaborative studies. For further information and to download or order this and other publications, please visit the IRC website at http://www.unicef-irc.org. Correspondence should be addressed to: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Piazza SS. Annunziata, 12 50122 Florence, Italy Tel: (+39) 055 20 330 Fax: (+39) 055 2033 220 Email: florence@unicef.org iii
Page 1: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
Page 5 and 6: Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
Page 13 and 14: oys in the home, community, institu
Page 15 and 16: general, adolescent girls are thoug
Page 17 and 18: accountable for their actions, blam
Page 19 and 20: sexual abuse is reported to be prev
Page 21 and 22: abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
Page 23 and 24: eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
Page 25 and 26: knowledge of the intermediate situa
Page 27 and 28: 2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
Page 29 and 30: have long experience working with a
Page 31 and 32: exploitation. The legal definition
Page 33 and 34: Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
Page 35 and 36: strengthen family and community pro
Page 37 and 38: constraints with the intention of i
Page 39 and 40: 3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
Page 41 and 42: Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
Page 43 and 44: unravel from cases of children sent
Page 45 and 46: well as the ‘violation of chastit
Page 47 and 48: Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
Page 49 and 50: orders. Data collection on the Paki
Page 51 and 52: trafficked or abused children are l
Page 53 and 54:
4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
Page 55 and 56:
concerning level of child sexual ab
Page 57 and 58:
As elsewhere in the world, certain
Page 59 and 60:
female children in prostitution are
Page 61 and 62:
control the areas where the boys wo
Page 63 and 64:
In general, the country’s legisla
Page 65 and 66:
children from the sexual violence i
Page 67 and 68:
NPA was facilitated by an advisory
Page 69 and 70:
4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
Page 71 and 72:
children living on the street. In i
Page 73 and 74:
4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
Page 75 and 76:
5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
Page 77 and 78:
living on the street or on boys sex
Page 79 and 80:
times, these traditions have eroded
Page 81 and 82:
interviewed in the study stated tha
Page 83 and 84:
The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
Page 85 and 86:
assault’, which covers additional
Page 87 and 88:
esidences with persons not related
Page 89 and 90:
institutions. However, the NPAC has
Page 91 and 92:
The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
Page 93 and 94:
tourism operators, including airlin
Page 95 and 96:
negotiation and protection from sex
Page 97 and 98:
6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
Page 99 and 100:
the boys and one-quarter of the gir
Page 101 and 102:
situations such as domestic labour
Page 103 and 104:
fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
Page 105 and 106:
person “shall be deemed to have c
Page 107 and 108:
The NPA does not address linkages b
Page 109 and 110:
programmes on child rights and chil
Page 111 and 112:
The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
Page 113 and 114:
etween males is socially tolerated.
Page 115 and 116:
men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
Page 117 and 118:
The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120:
Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122:
Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124:
woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126:
punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128:
The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130:
LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131 and 132:
children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 133 and 134:
8.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA 377
Page 135 and 136:
The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138:
women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140:
Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142:
however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144:
Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146:
an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148:
destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150:
addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152:
dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154:
8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156:
identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158:
9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160:
• Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162:
• There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163 and 164:
• Develop interventions to addres
Page 165 and 166:
Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al.,
Page 167 and 168:
Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169 and 170:
UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 171 and 172:
International Labour Organization a
Page 173:
World Organisation Against Torture,
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