SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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Nanda, S., 1999, Neither Man nor Woman: The hijras of India, Belmont, CA, USA, Wadsworth Publishing Company. National Human Rights Commission, UNIFEM and Institute of Social Sciences, 2004, ‘A report on trafficking in women and children in India 2002-2003’, New Delhi, UNIFEM. O’Connell Davidson, J. and Taylor, J.S., 1995, ‘Child prostitution and sex tourism: Goa’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. Seabrook, J., 2000, ‘Dangerous liaisons’ In Frederick, J. (ed). Fallen Angels: The sex workers of South Asia, New Delhi, Roli Books. Virani, P., 2000, ‘Bitter chocolate: Child sexual abuse in India’, New Delhi, Penguin Books. Nepal Asian Development Bank, 2002, ‘Combatting trafficking of women and children in South Asia: Country paper: The Kingdom of Nepal’, Kathmandu, ADB. Child Protection Centres and Services and Voice of Children, 2008, ‘The abuse of street children in Kathmandu’, Kathmandu, Child Protection Centres and Services Nepal. Child Workers in Nepal and ECPAT International, 2003, ‘A situational analysis of child sex tourism in Nepal (Kathmandu Valley and Pokhara)’, Kathmandu, CW<strong>IN</strong>. Child Workers in Nepal and ECPAT International, 2008, ‘Out of the dark: The emergence of boys’ prostitution in Nepal’, (Unpublished draft) Child Workers in Nepal and Save the Children Norway/Nepal, 2003, ‘Silent suffering: Child sexual abuse in the Kathmandu Valley’, Kathmandu, CW<strong>IN</strong>. Child Workers in Nepal and UNICEF, 2005, ‘Violence against children in Nepal: Child sexual abuse in Nepal: Children’s perspectives’, Kathmandu, UNICEF Nepal. ECPAT International and Plan International, 2004, ‘Report on laws and legal procedures concerning the commercial sexual exploitation of children in Nepal’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. ECPAT International, 2006, ‘Global monitoring report on the status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children: Nepal’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. Government of Nepal, National Human Rights Commission, 2008, ‘Trafficking in persons especially on women and children in Nepal: National report 2006-2007’, Kathmandu, NHRC. Government of Nepal, National Human Rights Commission, 2008, ‘Trafficking in persons especially on women and children in Nepal: National report executive summary 2006-2007’, Kathmandu, NHRC. International Labour Organization and Community Action Center Nepal, 2002, ‘Internal trafficking among children and youth engaged in prostitution’, Kathmandu, ILO/IPEC. International Labour Organization and New ERA, 2005, ‘Study on demand side of trafficking of children and women in Nepal’, Kathmandu, ILO. International Labour Organization (G. Subedi), 2002, ‘Trafficking and sexual abuse among street children in Kathmandu’, Kathmandu, ILO/IPEC. 162
International Labour Organization and Women Rehabilitation Centre, 2002, ‘Cross border trafficking of boys’, Kathmandu, ILO/IPEC. Kansakar, K., 2005, ‘The situation of child sexual abuse and exploitation in Nepal: A country report’, Kathmandu, Save the Children Norway Nepal. Shakti Samuha, 2008, ‘A study on the condition of slavery among women and girls employed in the restaurants and massage parlours of Kathmandu Valley’, Kathmandu, Shakti Samuha. Terre des hommes (R. Fichtl), 2003, ‘Child trafficking in Nepal: An assessment of the present situation’, Kathmandu, Terre des hommes, Lausanne. Terre des hommes and UNICEF Nepal, 2008, ‘Adopting the rights of the child: A study on intercountry adoption and its influence on child protection in Nepal’, Kathmandu, Tdh Lausanne and UNICEF Nepal. The Asia Foundation (Sanghera J. and Kapur, R.), 2000, ‘An assessment of laws and policies for the prevention and control of trafficking in Nepal. Trafficking in Nepal: Policy analysis’, Kathmandu, The Asia Foundation/Horizons. UNAIDS, 2006, ‘UNGASS national report: Nepal 2005’, Kathmandu, UNAIDS. UNESCO, 2006, ‘Forms and patterns of social discrimination in Nepal: A report’, Kathmandu, UNESCO. Pakistan Aangan, 1998, ‘Study on incest and child sexual abuse’, Islamabad, Bedari. Ali, A., et al., 2002, ‘Geographic and social mapping of sexual practices among street children’, presented at 3rd Annual Population Research Conference, 19-21 December 2002, Islamabad. Amal Human Development Network and UNESCO, 2005, ‘Situation analysis of children, education for all policy review, and best practices study on NFE for children living and/or working on the streets in Pakistan’, Islamabad, Amal/UNESCO. ECPAT International and Pakistan Paediatric Association, 2006, ‘Situational analysis report on prostitution of boys in Pakistan (Lahore and Peshawar)’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. ECPAT International, 2006, ‘Global monitoring report on the status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children: Pakistan’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. Haber, D., 1998, ‘The pleasure boys of Pakistan’s Northwest Frontier’ (unpublished manuscript). Hussain, A., 2000, ‘Nowhere to hide’ In Frederick, J. (ed). Fallen Angels: The sex workers of South Asia, New Delhi, Roli Books. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, National Commission for Child Welfare and Development, 2007, ‘Pakistan’s consolidated third and fourth periodic report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child’, Islamabad, Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. 163
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UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
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UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE Th
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Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
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Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
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INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and
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1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
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oys in the home, community, institu
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general, adolescent girls are thoug
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accountable for their actions, blam
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sexual abuse is reported to be prev
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abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
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eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
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knowledge of the intermediate situa
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2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
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have long experience working with a
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exploitation. The legal definition
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Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
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strengthen family and community pro
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constraints with the intention of i
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3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
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Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
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unravel from cases of children sent
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well as the ‘violation of chastit
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Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
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orders. Data collection on the Paki
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trafficked or abused children are l
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4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
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concerning level of child sexual ab
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As elsewhere in the world, certain
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female children in prostitution are
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control the areas where the boys wo
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In general, the country’s legisla
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children from the sexual violence i
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NPA was facilitated by an advisory
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4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
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children living on the street. In i
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4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
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5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
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living on the street or on boys sex
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times, these traditions have eroded
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interviewed in the study stated tha
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The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
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assault’, which covers additional
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esidences with persons not related
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institutions. However, the NPAC has
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The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
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tourism operators, including airlin
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negotiation and protection from sex
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6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
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the boys and one-quarter of the gir
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situations such as domestic labour
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fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
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person “shall be deemed to have c
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The NPA does not address linkages b
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programmes on child rights and chil
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The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
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etween males is socially tolerated.
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men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
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The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120: Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122: Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124: woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126: punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128: The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130: LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131 and 132: children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 133 and 134: 8.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA 377
Page 135 and 136: The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138: women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140: Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142: however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144: Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146: an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148: destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150: addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152: dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154: 8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156: identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158: 9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160: • Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162: • There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163 and 164: • Develop interventions to addres
Page 165 and 166: Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al.,
Page 167 and 168: Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169: UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 173: World Organisation Against Torture,
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