SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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International BIBLIOGRAPHY Heiberg, T., 2001, ‘Commodities in stigma and shame: An international overview of Save the Children’s work against child sexual abuse and exploitation’, Kathmandu, Save the Children. International Federation of Terre des hommes (Dottridge, M.), 2004, ‘Kids as commodities?: Child trafficking and what to do about it’, Lausanne, Terre des Hommes. International Labour Organization, 2006, ‘Violence against children in places of work’, Geneva, ILO. International Save the Children Alliance, 2005, ‘10 essential learning points: Listen and speak out against sexual abuse of girls and boys’ (global submission to the UN Study on Violence against Children), Oslo, International Save the Children Alliance. International Save the Children Alliance, 2005, ‘Children’s actions to end violence against girls and boys’, Kathmandu, International Save the Children Alliance. Murray, S.O. and Roscoe, W. (eds.), 1997, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, history and literature, New York, New York University Press. Naz Foundation International, journals of various dates, Pukaar, London, Naz Foundation International. Nyman, A. and Svensson, B., 1995, ‘Boys: Sexual abuse and treatment,’ Värnamo, Sweden, Save the Children Sweden. O’Connell Davidson, J., 2001, ‘The sex exploiter’, Second World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Yokohama, Japan. Oak Foundation (S. Asquith and E. Turner), 2008, ‘Recovery and reintegration of children from the effects of sexual exploitation and related trafficking’, Geneva, Oak Foundation. Save the Children Sweden, 2007, ‘Boys for change: Moving towards gender equality’, Stockholm, Save the Children Sweden. United Nations General Assembly (Pinheiro, P.S.), 2006, ‘Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children’, New York, United Nations. United Nations General Assembly (Pinheiro, P.S.), 2006, ‘World report on violence against children’, Geneva, United Nations. World Health Organization (Krug, E.G. et al.), 2002, ‘World report on violence and health’, Geneva, World Health Organization. South Asia Asian Development Bank (E. McGill), 2002, ‘Combatting trafficking of women and children in South Asia: Supplemental study on legal frameworks relevant to human trafficking in South Asia’. Asian Development Bank, 2003, ‘Combatting trafficking of women and children in South Asia: Regional synthesis paper for Bangladesh, India, and Nepal’, Kathmandu, ADB. 156
Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al., 2002, ‘Children affected by armed conflict in South Asia: A review of trends and issues identified through secondary research’, Oxford, U.K., University of Oxford, Refugee Studies Centre. Child Helpline International, 2007, ‘Connecting to children: A compilation of child helpline 2006 data’, Amsterdam, CHI. ECPAT International, 2003, ‘A situational analysis of child sex tourism in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka’, Bangkok, ECPAT International. Frederick, J. (ed.), 2000, ‘Fallen Angels: The sex workers of South Asia’, Delhi, Roli Books. Frederick, J. and Terre des hommes (Lausanne), 2005, ‘Preliminary findings: A study of trafficked Nepalese girls and women in Mumbai and Kolkata, India’, Kathmandu, Tdh Lausanne. Groupe Developpement, 2006, ‘Survival strategies: A study of children living on streets and railway platforms of West Bengal and Bangladesh’, Kolkata, Groupe Developpement. International Labour Organization (R. Coomaraswamy and A. Satkunanathan), .2006, ‘Antichild trafficking legislation in Asia: A six-country review (Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia)’, Bangkok, ILO. International Save the Children Alliance, 2004, ‘Child sexual abuse in South Asia: A discussion paper’ (regional review submitted to the UN Violence against Women study.) Kathmandu, International Save the Children Alliance. International Save the Children Alliance, 2005, ‘Voices of girls and boys to end violence against children in South and Central Asia: In perspective of the UN study on violence against children’, Kathmandu, International Save the Children Alliance. Kapur, R., 2005, ‘Conceptual and legal approaches to trafficking in South Asia, with a focus on India, Bangladesh and Nepal’ (summary of report prepared for UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre). Kathmandu School of Law, Terre des hommes (Lausanne), European Commission and SALS Forum, 2007, ‘Regional study for the harmonisation of anti-trafficking legal framework in Bangladesh, India and Nepal with international standards’, Kathmandu, KSL. Sanghera, J., 2000, ‘Trafficking of women and children in South Asia: Taking stock and moving ahead, a review of anti-trafficking initiatives in Nepal, Bangladesh and India’, Kathmandu, UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia and Save the Children Alliance South and Central Asia. Sangroula, Y. and Centre for Legal Research and Resource Development, 2001, ‘Trafficking of girls and women in Nepal: Building a community surveillance system for prevention’, Kathmandu, Centre for Legal Research and Resource Development. Save the Children Sweden-Denmark (Karlsson, L., and Karkara, R.), 2003, ‘Working with boys and men to end gender discrimination and sexual abuse of girls and boys: Discussion paper’, Kathmandu, Save the Children Sweden-Denmark Regional Office for South and Central Asia. 157
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UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
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UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE Th
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Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
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Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
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INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and
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1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
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oys in the home, community, institu
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general, adolescent girls are thoug
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accountable for their actions, blam
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sexual abuse is reported to be prev
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abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
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eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
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knowledge of the intermediate situa
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2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
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have long experience working with a
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exploitation. The legal definition
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Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
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strengthen family and community pro
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constraints with the intention of i
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3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
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Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
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unravel from cases of children sent
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well as the ‘violation of chastit
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Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
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orders. Data collection on the Paki
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trafficked or abused children are l
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4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
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concerning level of child sexual ab
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As elsewhere in the world, certain
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female children in prostitution are
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control the areas where the boys wo
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In general, the country’s legisla
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children from the sexual violence i
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NPA was facilitated by an advisory
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4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
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children living on the street. In i
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4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
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5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
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living on the street or on boys sex
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times, these traditions have eroded
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interviewed in the study stated tha
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The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
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assault’, which covers additional
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esidences with persons not related
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institutions. However, the NPAC has
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The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
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tourism operators, including airlin
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negotiation and protection from sex
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6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
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the boys and one-quarter of the gir
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situations such as domestic labour
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fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
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person “shall be deemed to have c
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The NPA does not address linkages b
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programmes on child rights and chil
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The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
Page 113 and 114: etween males is socially tolerated.
Page 115 and 116: men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
Page 117 and 118: The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120: Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122: Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124: woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126: punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128: The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130: LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131 and 132: children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 133 and 134: 8.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: SRI LANKA 377
Page 135 and 136: The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138: women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140: Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142: however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144: Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146: an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148: destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150: addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152: dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154: 8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156: identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158: 9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160: • Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162: • There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163: • Develop interventions to addres
Page 167 and 168: Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169 and 170: UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 171 and 172: International Labour Organization a
Page 173: World Organisation Against Torture,
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