SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A ...

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Rozan’s Aangan programme uses a team of psychologists, psychiatrists, doctors and counsellors to assess children’s emotional and mental health and counsel abuse victims. Counselling is provided through letters, telephone and in person to child victims, adult survivors and parents of sexually abused children. The programme also works with sexual abuse offenders. A number of NGOs and institutions provide counselling for victims as well as perpetrators, including the PPA, Amal, Azad Foundation, Dost Foundation, SACH and the psychology department at Hamdard University. Interventions with families of abused children are currently limited due to the cultural restrictions on interfering with private family affairs. 124
8.0 COUNTRY PR<strong>OF</strong>ILE: SRI LANKA 377 8.1 Research Findings 8.1.1 Country background Over the last 25 years, the economy of Sri Lanka has been damaged by civil conflict and the erosion of its traditional agricultural base. Scarcity of land and irrigated water, increasing production costs and loss of markets have reduced the growth of agriculture, the economic foundation for three-quarters of the country’s population. Yet rural-to-urban migration is relatively slow, unlike other South Asian countries. Coupled with increasing rural poverty, the country’s strategies for economic development in the last two decades – particularly the migration of women for overseas employment and the development of tourism – have resulted in a significant loss in protection of children from sexual abuse and exploitation. Sri Lanka has had a strong social safety net for more than 50 years and has succeeded in providing adequate services to its people. It has sufficient health care services, informative media coverage and one of the best educational systems in South Asia. With a long tradition of government priority for education, children have easy, free access to school, and enrolment is high. In 2000, children under 19 comprised about 46 per cent of the population of 19.3 million people. 378 The civil conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has had a powerful impact on the country’s social foundations, affecting an estimated 1.7 million people over the last 20 years. 379 As of 2002, an estimated 800,000 people had been displaced, many into refugee camps and temporary shelters. 380 In the war-affected zones in the north and east, basic services such as health, education, transportation, electricity, water and sanitation have deteriorated. The war has eroded children’s safety nets, and sexual abuse and exploitation have increased. 381 The tsunami of December 2004 added to the burden on the lives of the poor. A 2006 study found increased vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse among children housed in ‘tsunami camps’, but no clear links could be established between the tsunami and child trafficking. 382 In addition to rural poverty and war, protection of Sri Lankan children from sexual abuse and exploitation has been further eroded by national economic strategies. Sri Lanka has the highest proportion in South Asia of women migrating overseas for employment. As of 1996, 377 As mentioned in the section on Scope and Limitations, most of the research for this report was gathered in 2008. It therefore does not take into consideration the changes that have occurred since that time, and that have impacted all aspects of children’s rights, including the right to be protected from sexual abuse and exploitation. 378 International Labour Organization (Amarasinghe, S.), 2002, ‘Sri Lanka: The commercial sexual exploitation of children: A rapid assessment’. 379 Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies, 2006, ‘Sri Lanka country profile’. Colombo: CHA. 380 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2007, 381 International Labour Organization (Coomaraswamy, R. and Satkunanathan, A.), 2006, ‘Anti-child trafficking legislation in Asia: A six-country review’. 382 Terre des hommes (Lausanne), 2006, ‘Sri Lanka research report: Child trafficking and links with child sex tourism and the commercial sexual exploitation of children’ (draft). 125
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UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre In
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UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE Th
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Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Bo
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Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...........
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INTRODUCTION Across South Asia and
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1.2 Definitions While acknowledging
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oys in the home, community, institu
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general, adolescent girls are thoug
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accountable for their actions, blam
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sexual abuse is reported to be prev
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abuse. 49 Death and abduction of pa
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eaches puberty. Such boys may be at
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knowledge of the intermediate situa
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2.0 SOUTH ASIA OVERVIEW 2.1 Researc
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have long experience working with a
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exploitation. The legal definition
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Afghanistan’s National Plan of Ac
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strengthen family and community pro
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constraints with the intention of i
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3.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN 3.
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Afghanistan. Traditionally, boys ar
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unravel from cases of children sent
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well as the ‘violation of chastit
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Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disable
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orders. Data collection on the Paki
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trafficked or abused children are l
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4.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: BANGLADESH 4.1
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concerning level of child sexual ab
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As elsewhere in the world, certain
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female children in prostitution are
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control the areas where the boys wo
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In general, the country’s legisla
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children from the sexual violence i
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NPA was facilitated by an advisory
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4.4 Programme Responses 4.4.1 Child
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children living on the street. In i
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4.4.7 Addressing exploitation in tr
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5.0 COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA 5.1 Rese
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living on the street or on boys sex
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times, these traditions have eroded
Page 81 and 82: interviewed in the study stated tha
Page 83 and 84: The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
Page 85 and 86: assault’, which covers additional
Page 87 and 88: esidences with persons not related
Page 89 and 90: institutions. However, the NPAC has
Page 91 and 92: The Sangath Centre for Child Develo
Page 93 and 94: tourism operators, including airlin
Page 95 and 96: negotiation and protection from sex
Page 97 and 98: 6.1.2 Knowledge base The knowledge
Page 99 and 100: the boys and one-quarter of the gir
Page 101 and 102: situations such as domestic labour
Page 103 and 104: fondling. 285 While an ‘unnatural
Page 105 and 106: person “shall be deemed to have c
Page 107 and 108: The NPA does not address linkages b
Page 109 and 110: programmes on child rights and chil
Page 111 and 112: The Youth Club in Narayangadh provi
Page 113 and 114: etween males is socially tolerated.
Page 115 and 116: men. Boys cannot get pregnant and a
Page 117 and 118: The extent to which children are ap
Page 119 and 120: Children living on the street the w
Page 121 and 122: Amendment) Act 2006; and the Pakist
Page 123 and 124: woman or animal…’ 354 However,
Page 125 and 126: punishment. 363 The Trafficking Ord
Page 127 and 128: The trafficking NPA is consistent w
Page 129 and 130: LHRLA’s Madadgaar programme raise
Page 131: children (Nigehban) in divisional h
Page 135 and 136: The development community in Sri La
Page 137 and 138: women. 397 For this reason, prostit
Page 139 and 140: Unlike other countries in South Asi
Page 141 and 142: however, face deep stigma if they a
Page 143 and 144: Section 365(a) of PCA 1995 forbids
Page 145 and 146: an offense to allow a child to ‘r
Page 147 and 148: destination. Thus the law includes
Page 149 and 150: addition, except for local coordina
Page 151 and 152: dangers of sexual abuse and the pen
Page 153 and 154: 8.4.8.2 Safe shelter and crisis res
Page 155 and 156: identify signs of child sexual abus
Page 157 and 158: 9.1 Research Prioritize research ac
Page 159 and 160: • Work to harmonize national laws
Page 161 and 162: • There should be mechanisms in p
Page 163 and 164: • Develop interventions to addres
Page 165 and 166: Boyden, J. and de Berry, J. et al.,
Page 167 and 168: Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan
Page 169 and 170: UNICEF Bangladesh (Kabir, R.), 2002
Page 171 and 172: International Labour Organization a
Page 173: World Organisation Against Torture,
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