DISCE LATĪNAM! - Monmouth College

DISCE LATĪNAM!
An Elementary Latin Course
for College and University Students
CAPITA XXXI-XXXV
Kenneth F. Kitchell, Jr.
University of Massachusetts Amherst
and
Thomas J. Sienkewicz
Monmouth College
Historical Consultant:
Gregory Daugherty
Randolph Macon College
MMX

Cover:
Lūdī Magister
Orolauni (Arlon) in Museō Archæologicō
© 2008 Kenneth J. Kitchell, Jr., and Thomas J. Sienkewicz

DISCE LATĪNAM!
Table of Contents
Caput XXXI Fīat .............................................................................................................653
Caput XXXII Mementō Morī ...........................................................................................675
Caput XXXIII Post Mortem.............................................................................................697
Caput XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns ...................................................................................717
Caput XXXV Lūdī Incipiant! ..........................................................................................739
Verba Omnia ....................................................................................................................760
Caput XXXVI Ad Graeciam ..................................................................................................
Caput XXXVII Petītiō Praetōris ...........................................................................................
Caput XXXVIII Nūptiae ........................................................................................................
Caput XXXIX Nūntia Bona Malaque ...................................................................................
Caput XL Fīnēsque Incipiaque ..............................................................................................
652

ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
In this chapter Caecilia goes shopping to prepare for
Servilia’s wedding and the lives of our two families
begin to intersect when Caecilia stops at Valeria’s
shop for a snack.
GRAMMATICA
Mood Consolidation
Concept of Subjunctive Mood
Present Subjunctives, Active and Passive
Present Subjunctive, Irregular Verbs
The Independent Subjunctive
Purpose Clauses
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Waking Up On the Farm
CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Salūtātiō
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin in the Periodic Table of the Elements
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12254/12254-h/images/illus017.jpg
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12254/12254-h/12254-h.htm
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Pompēiī et Vesuvius
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Is That Subjunctive Jussive or Hortatory
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
This narrative takes place the morning after Servilius’ conversation with Cordus.
Servilius tells his wife that the wedding plans are fixed and Caecilia decides to go
shopping for wedding presents for her daughter. This scene once again illustrates the twotiered
organization of an upper-class Roman household as the slaves rush to prepare
breakfast for the master and his family.
Are You in the Right Mood
In this chapter you will learn to recognize and use one more grammatical mood,
called subjunctive. While indicative verbs “indicate” an action which actually happens

DISCE LATĪNAM!
and an imperative verb is an order or command, a subjunctive verb generally refers to an
action which is not as “real” as an indicative verb. That is, the subjunctive (its name
means something like “subordinate”) indicates not so much facts as things like
potentiality, possibility, or probability.
First you will see the present subjunctive and some of its uses. You will learn
names for these uses later, but for now just concentrate on recognizing subjunctives and
how to translate them. Here are some examples:
Person and Number Form Translation
1 st person singular Nōlim
Quid faciam
1 st person plural Eāmus!
Laborēmus!
Nē loquāmur
3 rd person singular or plural Fīat!
Inveniatur!
I would not want
What should I do What might I do
Let’s go!
Let’s work!
Let’s not talk!
Let it be done!
Let it be found!
Notice how the personal endings on these verbs are familiar but the connecting vowels
are not. Now compare these subjunctive forms to their indicative equivalents:
Conjugation Mood Form Translation
1 st Indicative Nōn labōrāmus. We do not work.
Subjunctive Nē labōrēmus! Let’s not work!
2 nd Indicative Vidēmus. We are seeing.
Subjunctive Videāmus! Let’s see!
3 rd Indicative Loquimur. We talk.
Subjunctive Loquāmur Let’s talk!
3 rd -iō Indicative Facimus. We are doing.
Subjunctive Faciamus! Let’s do!
4 th Indicative Dormit She is sleeping
Subjunctive Dormiat! Don’t let her sleep.
Irregular
fīō Indicative Fit. It is done.
Subjunctive Fīat! Let it be done!
eō Indicative Īmus. We are going.
Subjunctive Eāmus! Let’s go!
nōlō Indicative Nōlō I do not want
Subjunctive Nōlim I would not want
You can remember the vowel changes between indicative and subjunctive by this time
honored acronym:
We clean a dial.
654

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
We 1 st conjugation a/o changes to -e
clean 2 nd conjugation -e changes to -ea
a 3 rd (reg.) conjugation vowels change to -a
dial 3 rd –io and 4 th conjugation vowels change to -ia
All you need to do right now, as you read Lectiō Prīma, is pay attention to the connecting
vowels and remember that the indicative refers to a fact and the subjunctive to a
possibility. All the present subjunctives in this lectiō are marked in bold.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXI.A Subjunctives vs. Indicatives
Directions: All of the present subjunctive forms you will see marked in bold in Lectiō
Prīma are listed here along with their indicative equivalents. As you read the lectiō, find
these subjunctives line by line. Indicate the line number in the chart and use “We Clean a
Dial” to determine the conjugation of the subjunctive form. Then translate the words both
the indicative and subjunctive forms into English. We have done some for you to get you
started.
LINE Mood Form Subjunctive Conjugation Translation
Pattern
Indicative servītur
-ia- 4 th it is saved
11 Subjunctive serviātur Let it be saved!
Indicative dormīmus
we sleep
-ia-
13 Subjunctive dormiāmus
Indicative laborāmus
1st
Subjunctive laborēmus Let’s work.
Indicative impōnuntur
Subjunctive impōnantur -a-
Let them be placed
(on)
Indicative feruntur
Subjunctive ferantur
Indicative pōnitur
Subjunctive pōnātur
Indicative effunduntur they are poured out
Subjunctive effundantur
Indicative facimus
Subjunctive faciāmus
Indicative iuvant
Subjunctive iuvent
Indicative est
655

DISCE LATĪNAM!
Subjunctive sit he may be, let him
be
Indicative abit
Subjunctive abeat Let him go away!
Indicative regnat he rules
Subjunctive regnet
Indicative fit it happens
Subjunctive fīat Let it be done!
Indicative fabricantur
Subjunctive fabricentur
Indicative nōlō
Subjunctive nōlim
Indicative edunt they eat
Subjunctive edant
Indicative possunt
Subjunctive possint
Māne
10
15
20
Māne est sed iam diēs aestuōsus est. Mox
ad Forum Servīliō progrediendum est sed
priusquam abit, clientēs suī recipiendī sunt prō
ianuā domī. Rōmae cōtīdiē māne quisquis
patrōnus clientēs suōs recipit et eīs aut pecūniam
aut sportulam dat. Post hanc “salūtātiōn em”
patrōnus ad Forum ad rēs suās agendās abit.
Dum Servilius et clientēs salūtātiōnem
agunt, Caecilia expergīscitur, sē lavat et Servilius,” but we would say
“Servilius must go to the
iēntāculum exspectat. Ancillae cuidam imperat Forum.”
“Iēntāculum appōnātur! Iēiūna sum! Celerrimē!”
In culīnā Sicō ancillīs imperāns, īrātus fit. “Anna! Pallas! Scybalē!
GEMMA
Progrediendum est
Progrediendum est is an
example of an impersonal use
of the gerundive. Forum is the
direct object, not the subject of
progrediendum est.
The expression is literally
translated as “there must be a
going to the Forum by
iēntāculum non iam parātum est. Nē dormiāmus. Celerius laborēmus
omnēs! Ligna focō impōnantur. Fīcī ferantur! Pānis in mensā pōnātur!
Mel et vīnum effundantur!”
Pallas, “Sicō,” inquit, “ubique explōrāvī sed nullum mel invenīre
possum! Vēnitne herī mel dē apiāriīs”
Sicō, dēspērāns, clāmat: “Quid faciāmus Mel inveniendum est! Dī
mē iuvent!” Tālibus clāmātīs, Sicō ē culīnā currit.
Scybalē dē Annā “Quō,” rogat, “Sicō vādit”
Anna respondet: “Sentiō coquum sollicatātum nostrum ad mel
inveniendum abīre! Utinam aequiōris animī sit. Abeat! Cum reveniet,
656

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
25
30
35
40
tranquillior sit! Interim, tranquillitās in culīnā regnet!”
Caecilia, dum iēntāculum exspectat, ad coniugem vocat. “Servīlī,”
inquit, “Quid dē Cordō herī accidit Generne noster fīet”
“Ita, vērō,” respondit Servīlius, “generum novum habēmus! Et, ut
opīnor, haec rēs Servīliae valde placitūra erit Sed nunc mihi in Forō multae
rēs agendae sunt. Quid tū, cāra uxor, in animō hodiē agere habēs”
“Vōlō quāsdam rēs īnspectāre. Dōna fīliae nostrae nūptūrae apta
invenienda sunt! Sī rēs aptās invēnerō, licetne eās fabricārī”
“Ita, vērō,” respondet marītus. “Sed tempus fugit. Fīat! Sī rēs aptās
invēneris, fabricentur! Nōlim nostram fīliam nuptūram esse sine rēbus
optimīs pulcherrimīsque.”
Tālibus dictīs, Servīlius domum relinquit. Tunc, mele inventō, Sicō,
cibum portans, cubiculum dominae intrat. “Domina,” inquit, “tempus est
iēntāculī edendī. Ecce, mel novum habēmus!”
Caecilia, “Servī meī,” inquit, “cibum meum edant! Nunc mihi
abeundum est! Nullum tempus edendō habeō! Eāmus!”
Valdē irātus Sicō erat! Sed coquus nihil dīcens in culīnam abit. Sicō
prūdēntissimus servus est et numquam id quod in mente habet dīcit. Quid
aliud servī facere possint! Interim domina celeriter domō abit et lectīcam
suam ascendit. Tunc statim ā servīs ad dōna fīliae emenda lāta est.
Verba Ūtenda
aequus, -a, -um level, even
aestuōsus, -a, um hot
apiārius, -iī m. beekeeper
appōno, -ere, apposuī, appositum,
to serve (food)
aptus, -a, -um suitable, fit
cliēns, clientis m. client
coniūnx, coniungis m./f. spouse
dēspērō (1) despair
dī m. nom. pl. “gods” (= deī)
effundō, effundere, effūdī, effūsum
pour out
expergīscor, expergīscī,
experrēctus sum wake up
explōrō (1) test, try
fīcus, -ī f. fig
focus, -ī m. fireplace, hearth
iēntāculum, -ī n. breakfast
impōno, impōnere, imposuī,
impositum put on
interim meanwhile
lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum /
lavātum / lōtum wash
lignum, -ī m. wood,
firewood
mel, mellis m. honey
mēns, mentis f. mind
nē not, in order that not,
lest
nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī,
nūptum marry
pānis, pānis m. bread
prudēns, prūdentis prudent
quisquis, quodquod
whoever, whatever
recipiō, recipere, recēpī,
receptum take back; se
recipere to take oneself
somewhere, “to retreat
or retire to someplace”
regnō (1) reign, hold power
over
reveniō, revenīre, revēnī,
reventum come back,
return
salūtātiō, -ōnis f. greeting,
formal morning visit by a
client to a patron
Scybalē, -ēs f. a woman’s
name
Sicō, Sicōnis m. Sico, a man’s
name
sollicitō (1) upset, shake up
sportula, -ae f. gift of money
or food from patron to
client, lit. “little basket”
tranquillus, -a, -um calm, still
tranquillitās, -tātis f.
calmness, stillness; fair
weather
utinam would that, how I wish
that!
vādō (1) go, advance
657

DISCE LATĪNAM!
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. What obligation does Servilius have at home every morning before he goes to the
Forum
2. The cook Sico gets angry twice in this narrative. What are the two things which
upset him
3. Why does Sico leave the kitchen
4. How does Anna feel the mood will be while Sico is absent
5. How does Servilius think his daughter will react to the news of her engagement to
Cordus
6. What does Caecilia ask her husband’s permission to do
GRAMMATICA A
Mood Consolidation
As you have already learned, every Latin verb form has tense, voice and mood. There are
five moods in Latin:
Mood Examples Characteristics
Indicative amat, amābit, amāvit fact
Imperative amā! amāte! Nōlī amāre! command, order
Infinitive amāre, amāvisse, amātum esse verbal noun
Participle amāns, amātus, amātūrus verbal adjective
Subjunctive amem, amēmus!, ament! wish, possibility, polite command
Mood indicates the manner in which the action is expressed: as fact, as command, as
wish, etc.
The Present Subjunctive
As you saw in Lectiō Prīma, the subjunctive forms of the verb use familiar personal
endings but distinctive connecting vowels. Compare here the present active indicative
and present active subjunctive forms of vocō:
Indicative
vocō
vocās
vocat
vocāmus
vocātis
vocant
Subjunctive
vocem
vocēs
vocet
vocēmus
vocētis
vocent
658

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
Notā Bene:
• The first person singular active ending in the subjunctive is always –m instead of
–ō.
• In the first conjugation the connecting vowel changes from –a– in the indicative
to –e– in the subjunctive.
• In all of the other conjugations the connecting vowel in the present subjunctive
follows the pattern in the sentence We clean a dial.
2 nd conjugation 3 rd conjugation 3 rd conjugation –iō 4 th conjugation
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
moneō moneam ducō ducam capiō capiam audiō audiam
monēs moneās ducis ducās capis capiās audīs audiās
monet moneat ducit ducat capit capiat audit audiat
monēmus moneāmus ducimus ducāmus capimus capiāmus audīmus audiāmus
monētis moneātis ducitis ducātis capitis capiātis audītis audiātis
monent moneant ducunt ducant capiunt capiant audiunt audiant
Notā Bene:
• The present passive subjunctive is easily formed by changing the active personal
endings to passive; e.g., monear, moneāris, moneātur, moneāmur, moneāminī,
moneantur.
• Remember that the 2 nd person singular passive ending is sometimes –re instead of
–ris, This is true in the subjunctive as well as the indicative: moneāre, dūcāre,
capiāre, audiāre.
• False Friends: The 1 st person future indicative and subjunctive forms are
identical in the 3 rd and 4 th conjugations; e.g., dūcam is either future indicative or
present subjunctive. Don’t worry too much about this. The form is usually clear in
context.
The Present Subjective of Irregular Verbs
Latin verbs which are irregular in the present indicative are typically irregular in the
present subjunctive as well. These forms require special attention and study:
sum possum Eō fīō volō nōlō mālō
sim possim Eam fīam Velim nōlim mālim
sīs possīs Eās fīās Velīs nōlīs mālīs
sit possit Eat fīat Velit nōlit mālit
sīmus possīmus Eāmus fīāmus velīmus nōlīmus mālīmus
sītis possītis Eātis fīātis Velītis nōlītis mālītis
sint possint Eant fīant Velint nōlint mālint
659

DISCE LATĪNAM!
Meanings and Uses of the Subjunctive
There are no hard and fast rules as to how you should translate a Latin subjunctive into
English outside of context, but it may help you to study it this way to distinguish
indicative, imperative and subjunctive in English:
Indicative
I praise my students
Imperative
Don’t praise the lazy.
etc.
Subjunctive
I may praise my students
Subjunctive
You ought not to praise the lazy.
etc.
However, there are many situations in which the subjunctive will have a very different
meaning. You will learn these as you go along.
The subjunctive mood is occasionally used as the main verb in the sentence. This
is called an independent use of the subjunctive. In this part of the chapter we introduce
you to several uses of the independent subjunctive. More frequently, subjunctive forms
are found in dependent clauses, so called because they depend on and further elucidate
the action of a main verb in the indicative mood.In Lectiō Secunda you will see a
dependent use of the subjunctive.
The Independent Subjunctive
In Lectiō Prīma all the subjunctives you saw were independent, i.e., they were used as
main verbs in the sentence. You can put these independent subjunctives into three groups:
• Commands (in the 1 st or 3 rd Persons only)
Eāmus! Let’s go! Nē dormiāmus! Let’s not sleep!
Abeat! Let him go away! Ne abeāt! Let him not go away!
Fīat! Let it happen! Nē fīat! Let it not happen!
Tranquillior sit.
Let him be calmer.
Nē tranqillior sit.
Let him not be calmer. (but see below)
• Possibility or Wish
Utinam aequiōris animī sit.
Would that he were of calmer mind.
Velim
I would want
Tranquillior sit.
May he be calmer!
Nē aequioris animī sit.
Would that he were not of calmer mind.
Nōlim
I would not want
Nē tranqillior sit.
May he not be calmer!
660

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
• Deliberation (in the 1 st person only)
Quid faciam What should I do
Quid non faciam What should I not do
Notā bene:
• Independent subjunctives expressing commands, possibilities or wishes use the
negative nē instead of nōn.
• The deliberative subjunctive uses the negative nōn.
• Utinam is optional: Utinam aequioris animī sit and Aequioris animī sit both mean
“Would that he were of calmer mind.”
• You can usually translate an independent subjunctive by using one of the “magic
words”: should, would, could, might, may.
Don’t worry too much about distinguishing among commands, possibilities, wishes and
deliberation. Just keep these possibilities in mind and see which one fits best in context.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXI.B Translating Independent Subjunctives
Directions: Here is a list of some the independent subjunctives used in Lectiō Prīma.
Translate each of them using the following key English words you might find in a
subjunctive expression:
should /would /could /might / may / let
We have done the first one for you.
1. servētur He might be served
He should be served.
He may be served.
Let him be served.
He would be served.
2. dormiāmus
3. laborēmus
4. impōnantur
5. ferantur
6. pōnātur
7. effundantur
8. faciāmus
9. iuvent
661

DISCE LATĪNAM!
GEMMA
Imprimātur and R.I.P
Several independent Latin subjunctives have been borrowed into English. You have already seen fīat
(“Let it be done.”) A second, imprimātur (“Let it be printed.”), is sometimes found in the front of
religious books requiring permission from a church official to be published. Note that both fīat and
imprimātur are usually used as nouns rather than verbs in English as in, “He ruled by fiat.” or “The
author was unable to obtain an imprimatur to publish the book.” Then there is the common requiescat
in pace (“Let him/her rest in peace.”), often abbreviated as R.I.P.
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
In Lectiō Secunda Valeria and her family meet Caecilia while she is out shopping
in preparation for the upcoming wedding of Servilia and Cordus. Caecilia is so impressed
with Aelius’ craftsmanship that she suggests that he meet her husband. This will lead to a
formal patron-client relationship between the two families. Such alliances were a
common type of interaction in the ancient Roman world. More on this as we go along.
Ut (So That)
You have aleady seen ut used to mean “as” in phrases like ut opīnor, in line 26-27
of Lectiō Prīma (and watch for another example of ut meaning “as” in the next lectiō).
The following reading introduces you to a new meaning for ut (“so that,” “in
order to”) in what is called the Latin Purpose Clause. As its name implies, it shows the
purpose of the subject’s action. Earlier you saw purpose constructions using the
gerund(ive) plus causā, gratiā, or ad. The purpose clauses in this chapter translate about
the same, but a purpose clause with ut uses the subjunctive.
For now, these pattern sentences will give you all you need to know to translate
purpose clauses. Note the ut+ subjunctive verb put in bold for you below.
Veniō ut pōtum emam
I come in order that I may buy a drink.
I come so that I may buy a drink.
I come (in order) to buy a drink.
Adsum ut dona inveniam.
I am here in order that I may find gifts.
I am here so that I may find gifts.
I am here (in order) to find gifts.
Exibō ut dona inveniam.
I will go out in order that I may find gifts.
I will go out that that I may find gifts.
662

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
I will go out (in order) to find gifts.
Hominēs cibum habēre necesse est, nē moriantur.
It is necessary for humans to have food lest they die.
It is necessary for humans to have food so that they do not die.
It is necessary for humans to have food (in order) not to die.
We have translated each sentence three different ways so that you can think about the
wide range of options we have to express purpose in English.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXI.C Translating Purpose Clauses
Directions: Match the purpose clauses in Col. A with the appropriate English translation
in Col. B. You will see all of these purpose clauses in Lectiō Secunda marked in bold.
We have done one for you.
Col A
__________1. ut inveniam
__________2. nē moriar
__________3. ut poscat
__________4. ut arcessat
_____B____5. ut sermōcinētur
__________6. ut ūtar
__________7. ut īnspectet
__________8. ut videam
__________9. ut petat
Col. B
A. in order to seek
B. in order to chat
C. in order to use
D. in order not to die
E. in order to look at
F. in order to see
G. in order to find
H. in order to procure
I. in order to ask for
Caecilia et Valeria
5
Caecilia, in lectīcā ā servīs lātā sedēns, dōnōrum Servīliae emendōrum
causā ad multās tabernās multōrum fabricatōrum
adīvit, sed nulla dōna idōnea videntur. Alia dōna
nōn satis pulchra sunt, alia nimium ostentātiōnis
habent. Haec dōna turpia sunt, illa parum artis
exhibent. Quid faciat Ubi dōna idōnea
invenienda sunt
Nunc quīnta hora est—et Caecilia et servī
lectīcam portantēs in umerīs lātīs iēiūnī sitientēsque
sunt.
GEMMA
sī placet vs. sī placeat
Watch for two versions of
“please” in this reading. Sī
placet, which you have seen
before, is indicative and is a
simple “please”. Sī placeat is
subjunctive and is more polite.
“If it is pleasing” vs. “if it
should be pleasing.”
Caecilia servīs imperat: “Servī, sistite prope illam tabernam!
Dēscendam ut pōtum cibumque inveniam. Mālim tabernam mundiorem sed
haec tolerānda est. Mē aliquid edere pōtāreque necesse est nē fame sitīque
663

DISCE LATĪNAM!
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
moriar!”
Lectīcā in terrā depositā, Caecilia dēscendit et tabernae Valeriae
appropinquat ut aliquid ad pōtandum poscat.
Caecilia Liciniam videt et “Salvē,” inquit. “Maximē sitiō. Dā mihi
vīnum, panem, et mel. Sed, manē! Nōn vīnum, sed calidam vōlō, sī tibi
placeat!”
Licinia “Certe, domina,” inquit. “Aliquid aliud vīs Fortasse servī tuī
quoque sitientēs sunt Licetne eīs aquam dare”
Caecilā assentiente, Licinia, ut aquam arcessat urnam portāns ad
fontem abit. Valeria, quae īnfantem Maximum portat, Caeciliae
appropinquat ut cum eā sermōcinētur.
Valeria, “Salvē,” inquit, “Calidamne tibi placet Nostra calida optima
est. Vīnum Falernum est et hoc mel apiariī optimī rūsticī quī mel suum mihi
solī vendit ut eō in tabernā meā vendam.”
Caecilia, “Rectē habes,” inquit. “Haec calida est optima quam pōtāvī
et hodiē mihi vīnum necesse est! Tam fatīgāta sum! Sed, dīc mihi, dē
speculō quod in mūrō videō.
Hoc speculum idem est quod Aelius Liciniae fabricāvit et Valeria,
rīdens, speculum dē murō tollit et Caeciliae, ut illa id īnspectet, dat.
“Aelius,” inquit, “gener meus hoc fabricāvit uxōrī et huic īnfantī suō quem
vidēs. Quoque hās inaurēs fabricāvit.”
Caecilia, “Ut vidēs, ars magna in ambābus rēbus est. Hodiē frūstrā
multās horās circumiens ut dōna nūptiālia fīliae videam nihil idōneum vīdī.
Velim fīliae aliquid simile dare. Hic Aelius hās rēs argenteās quoque
fabricāre potest”
Valeria, “Fortasse,” inquit, “sed argentum nōn habēmūs. Egēnī sumus
et pecūniam argentō Aelius nōn habet. Quid faciāmus”
Caecilia: “Maritus meus vir dives et in Urbe nōtus est. Senātor est et
opīnor eum praetōrem mox futūrum esse. Tālēs
virī semper clientēs multōs habent sed clientēs
magnī ingeniī paucōs. Aelius ad marītum meum
crās māne advenīre debet ut ab eō auxilium petat.
Sī maritō placuerit, argentum Aelius habēbit. Tum
fortasse Aelius faber argentārius fīet. Certē
artificēs plus pecūniae quam fabrī habent! Cōnsentīsne”
GEMMA
māne vs. manē
Another case where the macron
makes all the difference: māne
“in the morning” vs. manē
“Wait!”
“Faciam quod vīs, domina.” respondet Valeria. “Gener meus ad
senātōrem crās adveniet.”
664

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
Verba Ūtenda
alia….alia
“some….others”
ambō, ambae, ambō both (of
two). Note the irregular
dative/ablative plural,
ambābus.
apiārius, -ī m. beekeeper
arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī /
arcessī, arcessītum fetch
argentārius, -a, -um of silver,
pertaining to silver; faber
argentārius silversmith
argenteus, -a, -um silvery, of
silver.
argentum, -ī n. silver; money
artifex, artificis m. artist,
artisan, maker
assentior, assentīrī, assensus
sum approve
circumeō, circumīre,
circumīvī / circumiī,
circumitum go around
cliēns, clientis m. client
consentiō, consentīre,
consensī, consensum
consent, agree
dēscendō, -ere, -cendī,-
scensum go down, descend
egēnus, -a, -um in need of, in
want of, destitute
exhibeō, -ēre, -hibuī, -hibitum
show, exhibit
Falernus, -a, -um Falernian,
referring to a region in Italy
producing a particularly
good kind of wine
famēs, famis f. hunger
fatīgō (1) weary, tire
fōns, fontis m. spring, fountain
frūstrā in vain
idōneus, -a, -um fit, suitable
inaurēs, inaurium m. pl.
earrings
ingenium, -iī n. talent
lātus, -a, -um wide, broad
lectīca, -ae f. litter
mel, mellis n. honey
morior, morī, mortuus sum die
mundus, -a, -um clean, refined,
elegant
nē not, that not, in order that
not, lest
nimium too, too much,
excessively
nōtus, -a, -um known
nūptiālis, -e nuptial, for a
wedding
ostentātiō, -ōnis f. display,
flashiness
parum little, too little, not
enough
pōtō (1) drink
praetor, -ōris m. praetor, judge
quīntus, -a, -um fifth
rūsticus, -a, -um rural, rustic
sermōcinor, sermōcinārī,
sermōcinātus sum
converse, talk, chat
similis, -e like, similar to
sitiō, sitīre, sitīvī / sitīī be
thirsty
sitis, sitis f. thirst. sitī Note the
alternative abl. sing. i-stem
ending.
tolerō (1) bear, endure
turpis, -e ugly, foul, loathsome
umerus, -ī m. shoulder
urna, -ae f.large water jar
ut in order that, so that
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. How does Caecilia travel around the city
2. Why doesn’t she buy anything
3. What is Caecilia’s first impression of Valeria’s shop
4. What does Caecilia order from the menu
5. What does Caecilia think about the mirror and earrings that Aelius made
6. What does she suggest Aelius do in the morning
7. Can you find the ut in this lectiō which does not introduce a purpose clause What
does this ut mean
GRAMMATICA B
Purpose Clauses
Earlier you saw subjunctives used independently, as the main verbs in the sentence.
Subjunctives in purpose clauses are dependent, that is they appear in subordinate clauses
which depend or hang from the main clause in the sentence. For example, in the
following sentence
665

DISCE LATĪNAM!
Veniō ut pōtum emam
veniō is the verb in the main clause and ut pōtum emam is the subordinate clause. To put
it another way, “buying food” depends upon the “coming.” So the basic structure of a
Latin sentence with a purpose clause is
Main clause + ut / nē + verb in the subjunctive
vēniō ut pōtum emam.
If the verb after ut is not subjunctive, then the clause is not a purpose clause and
expresses time (“when/as”) rather than purpose (“in order that”).
Compare:
Veniō ut pōtum emam. I come in order that I buy a drink. PURPOSE
Rideō ut pōtum emō. I smile when/as I buy a drink. TIME
The subjunctive form emam makes all the difference here.
The main verb must be in the present or future tense in order to use a present subjunctive.
In the next chapter you will see what happens when the main verb is in a past tense.
Notā bene: You now know four ways to express purpose in Latin.
• ut + subjunctive: ut pōtum emam
• gerund(ive) in the genitive + causā: pōtī emendī causā
• gerund(ive) in the genitive + gratiā: pōtī emendī gratiā
• ad + acc. gerundive: ad pōtum emendum
All of these phrases can be translated “to buy a drink.”
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXX.D Ut + Subjunctive Purpose Clauses
Directions: Change each of the following future passive periphrastic phrases into purpose
clause using ut + subjunctive. In order to do this make the dative of person the subject of
a present active subjunctive verb formed from the gerundive. Then translate the purpose
clause into English at least two different ways.
Familia nova mihi movenda est. → ut familiam novam movēam
in order that I move my new family
to move my new family.
1. Opus novum Aeliō accipiendum est.
2. Novāe rēs vīrīs faciendae sunt.
3. Novāe rēs feminīs vendendae sunt.
666

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
4. Speculum tibi mīrandum est!
5. Exemplum vōbīs mōnstrandum est.
6. Specula plūra nōbīs fabricanda sunt.
7. Speculum meum tibi nōn monstrandum est.
8. Sed speculum Valeriae nōn vendendum est.
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Waking Up On the Farm
The Servilius household is quite busy at it prepares for another day. In a little poem
called Morētum (“The Salad”), traditionally attributed to Vergil, a similar morning is
described, not in a rich household but in the home of a poor farmer named Symilus
(“Snub-nosed” in Greek) and his female companion/slave Scybale (“refuse” or “trash” in
Greek). Morētum is actually a cheese pate of garlic and herbs like parsley and coriander
(cilantro) which Symilus will take with him into the fields for lunch.
Before they can eat their breakfast, Symilus and Scybale must light the fire and
get the household started again. Vergil describes how Symilus calls to Scybale while
doing his own morning chores. The poet then stops to note the woman’s physical
appearance. This is probably one of the earliest Roman descriptions of an African
woman. One of the servants in the Servilian household is named after her and you can
image her looking like this. As you read this paraphrase from Vergil’s poem, try to
decide whether the author is simply describing Scybale or is making fun of her
appearance in a derogatory fashion. Our idea of ancient attitudes towards minorities are
largely based on evidence like this.
5
Interdum Symilus clāmat Scybalen ūnicam custōdem. Tōta figūra fēminae
patriam Āfram testātur. Coma torta est. Color fuscus et labra tumentia sunt.
Pectus lātum est, iacentibus mammīs, et alvus compressior est. Exīlia crura habet
et prōdiga plantīs spatiōsīs est. Symilus hanc vocat atque eī ligna arsūra focīs
impōnere et liquorēs gelidōs flammā adolēre imperat.
Verba Ūtenda
adoleō, adolēre, adoluī,
adultum burn
Āfrus, -a, -um African
alvus, -ī m. belly, stomach
ardeō, ardēre, arsi, arsum burn
clāmō + acc. call someone by
name
color, -ōris m. color,
complexion
coma, -ae f. hair
exīlis, -e small, thin
flamma, -ae f. flame
focus, -ī m. hearth, fireplace
fuscus, -a, -um dark
gelidus, -a, -um icy, cold
iacentibus mammīs Translate
“with breasts lying flat”
impōnō,impōnere, imposuī,
impositum put upon
labrum, -ī n. lip
667
liquor,-ōris m. fluid, liquid
mamma, -ae f. breast
pectus, -oris n. breast, chest.
planta, -ae f. sole of the foot
prodigus, -a, -um ample
spatiōsus, -a, -um wide
testor, testārī, testātus sum
bear witness to, testify to
tortus, -a, -um twisted,
crooked

DISCE LATĪNAM!
compressus, -a, um squeezed
together. Translate
compressior as “rather
narrow”
crūs, crūris n. leg
lātus, -a, -um wide, broad
lignum, -ī n. firewood
tumeō, tumēre swell
ūnicus, -a, -um one and only,
sole
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Salūtātiō
Before Servilius leaves for the Forum in the morning, he must greet his clients at home in
a ceremony called salūtātiō, -iōnis f. The salūtātiō is a formal greeting ceremony or
morning call by a Roman client (cliēns, clientis m. client) to his patron (patrōnus, -ī m.).
The patron-client relationship formed the heart of Roman political and commercial
enterprise. The wealthy and ambitious sought to have as many clients as possible. A
Roman like Cicero would have boasted hundreds. These clients were expected to come to
the home of the patron every day to greet him “good morning.” The homes of many
wealthy Romans had benches along the outside wall
of the house where clients could wait until the patron
was ready to receive them in the atrium (atrium, -iī
n.), the formal greeting room.
The patron would strive to greet each client
individually, ask about the client’s family and
situation. If the client needed help, this was the time
to ask. Often, like Servilius does, the patron might
give his clients sportula, -ae, f., little gifts of money
or food. The sportula Servilius gave his clients that
morning might have consisted of food left over from
the big banquet. If private matters needed to be
discussed, the patron might ask the client to step into
the office (tab(u)līnum, -ī n.) behind the atrium.
In return for these favors and patronage,
clients were expected to support their patron’s
commercial and political activities. Often, if a patron
were running for political office, clients would escort
him as he campaigned. Clients were also expected to
http://karenswhimsy.com/publicdomain-images/ancientpompeii/images/ancient-pompeii-
3.jpg
vote as the patron wished at the public assemblies and to campaign for him as well.
The system was complicated. Most Romans were both clients and patrons. The
wealthiest and most powerful Romans were only patrons, not clients, and the poorest
citizens, like Aelius, were lucky to have any patron at all.
668

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin in the Periodic Table of the Elements
In the readings you encountered argentum, the Latin word for silver. This leads us to the
Periodic Table of the Elements. For centuries following the fall of the Roman Empire,
Latin continued to be the language of communication among scientists. The Periodic
Table of Elements reflects the influence of Latin. Several elements use the actual Latin
name for the element:
Abbreviation Latin name English name English Derivatives
Au aurum, -ī n. gold auriferous, aurous, aureate, aureole
Ag argentum, -ī n. silver argent, argentiferous, Argentina
Pb plumbum, -ī n. lead plumber, plumbiferous
Fe ferrum, -ī n. iron ferric, ferrite, ferriferous
Some elements bear the names of Roman religion and Greco-Roman mythology:
Ir iridium from Iris –idis f. , goddess of the rainbow
Ur uranium from Uranus, -ī m., first god of the sky, father of the Titans
Pm promethium from Prometheus, Promēthei m., Titan inventor of fire
Np neptunium from Neptunus, -ī m., god of the sea
Pu plutonium from Plutō, -ōnis m., god of the underworld
Ta tantalium from Tantalus, -ī, m. great sinner
Many other elements were given Latinized names based upon the name of its discover,
the home of the discoverer, the place of its discovery or the names famous scientists.
These are just a few.
Sc scandium from Scandinavia
Am americium from America
Es einsteinium from (Albert) Einstein
Note how all these elements are neuter 2 nd declension nouns.
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Pompēiī et Vesuvius
In the first-century B.C. the city of Pompeii was a small but prosperous town in southern
Italy. It is only famous today because the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on August 24, 79
A.D. preserved the city under piles of volcanic ash. We know a lot more about everyday
Roman life because of what was found in the excavation of Pompeii (as well as
Herculaneum, her sister city in destruction).
If you compare the photo of Vesuvius in the background of Pompeii today at left
with the ancient wall painting of Vesuvius at right you can see how much of the mountain
fell on Pompeii in the eruption. Also notice Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, in the wall
669

DISCE LATĪNAM!
painting, Bacchus is wearing a bunch of grapes and if you look closely you can see that
Vesuvius is covered with vineyards. The rich volcanic soil of the mountain was (and still
is) an excellent agricultural area.
http://www.imagesofanthropology.com/images/Pompeii_with_Vesuvius_in_background.
bmp (left)
http://www.interviu.it/cards/maggio4/maggio85.jpg
(right)
Mt. St. Helens before and
after the 1980 eruption
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/30
45/images/fig1.jpg
670

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
QUID PUTĀS
1. How accurate do you think modern anthropologists would consider Vergil’s
description of Scybale What does this poem suggest about racial attitudes in
ancient Rome
2. Use the names of elements in the periodic table to create names for a new
elements named after you or people you admire.
3. How does the Roman patron-client relationship compare to the way that politics
and commerce are practiced in the United States today
4. Compare the pictures of Vesuvius before and after the eruption with photos of Mt.
St. Helens before and after the eruption of 1980. What do these photos suggest
about the force of the eruption
XXXI.E SCRIBĀMUS!
Directions: Use the word pool to fill in the blanks with appropriate purpose clauses. Hint:
You will have to make the infinitives in the word pool subjunctive. We have done the
first one for you.
multam pecūniam habēre
laetus esse
difficultātem fugere
bene edere
vīnum bibere
pōtum cibumque invenīre
artem īnspectāre
auxilium petere
vītā fruī
mel emere
1. Labōrō strenuē ut
multam pecūniam habeam.
I work hard to have much money.
2. Epistulam scrībit ut
3. In Ītaliā habitāmus ut
4. Caecilia dē lecticā dēscendit ut
5. Licinia Caeciliae speculum dat ut
6. Aelius ad Servīlium advenīre debet ut
7. Sicō abit ut
671

DISCE LATĪNAM!
XXXI.F LOQUĀMUR!
Directions: Now ask a classmate one of the following questions. Your classmate can use
the sentences from Exercise XXXI.E to reply.
1. Cūr strenuē laborās
Labōrō strenuē ut multam pecuniam habeam.
2. Cūr epistulam scrībit
3. Cūr in Ītaliā habitātis
4. Cūr Caecilia dē lecticā dēscendit
5. Cūr Licinia Caeciliae speculum dat
6. Cūr Aelius ad Servīlium advenīre debet
7. Cūr Sicō abit
XXXI.G Vēnātiō Verbōrum
Directions: Use the following hints to identify words in the Verba Discenda. A word can
be used only once. We have done one for you.
__________1. “Ineptitude” is a derivative of this word.
__________2. Bibō is a synonym for this word.
__________3. This is a parisyllabic i-stem of the 3 rd declension.
__________4. This word has irregularly-formed dative and ablative plurals.
__________5. This a neuter word of the third declension.
__________6. This word is deponent.
_argentum__7. This word is a metal.
__________8. Calidus, -a, -um is a synonym for this word.
__________9. This is a feminine word of the second declension.
_________10. This word is used instead of ut in a negative purpose clause.
_________11. A tranquillus homo experiences this.
_________12. This word is a meal.
_________13. This word describes what you do to dirty dishes.
_________14. This word is a fourth conjugation verb.
_________15. This word refers to a metal.
_________16. This word describes what Servilia will do soon.
672

CAPUT XXXI
Fīat
_________17. This word is the antonym of patrōnus.
_________18. This word could describe a bright sunny day.
_________19. This word is related to the Latin word which means “Hi!” or “Hello!”
Verba Discenda
aequus, -a, -um even,
equal; fair, just; patient,
calm
aestuōsus, -a, -um hot
alius…alius
one…another; in pl.
some….others
ambō, ambae, ambō both
(of two). Note the
irregular
dative/ablative plural,
ambābus.
aptus, -a, -um attached to,
connected to; suitable,
fit
argentārius, -a, -um of
silver, pertaining to
silver; faber
argentārius silversmith
argentum, -ī n. silver;
money
cliēns, clientis m. client
dēscendō, dēscendere,
dēscendī, dēscēnsum go
down, descend
iēntāculum, -ī n. a light
meal; breakfast; lunch
lātus, -a, -um wide,
broad
lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum
/ lavātum / lōtum wash
mel, mellis n. honey
mēns, mentis f. mind;
reason; mental
disposition
nē not, that not, in order
that not, lest
nimium too, too much,
excessively
nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī,
nūptum marry
pānis, pānis m. bread
pōtō (1) drink
recipiō, recipere, recēpī,
receptum take back; se
recipere to take
oneself somewhere,
“to retreat or retire to
someplace”
reveniō, revenīre,
revēnī, reventum
come back, return
salūtātiō, -ōnis f.
greeting, formal
morning visit by a
client to a patron
sermōcinor,
sermōcinārī,
sermōcinātus sum
converse, talk, chat
serviō servīre, servīvī /
serviī, servītum
serve, be a slave to
sitiō, sitīre, sitīvī / sitīī
be thirsty
tranquillus, -a, -um
calm, still, peaceful
tranquillitās, -tātis f.
calmness, stillness;
fair weather
ut in order that, so
that; how
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Is that Subjunctive Jussive or Hortatory
The independent uses of the subjunctive are sometimes divided into the following four
categories:
Volitive (willed, from vōlō)
Eāmus! Let’s go! Nē eāmus! Let’s not go!
Eat! Let him go! Nē eat! Let him not go!
673

DISCE LATĪNAM!
Notā Bene:
• Volitive subjunctives are the equivalent of imperatives, but in the first or third
person.
• The first person volitive is sometimes called hortatory (from hortor), because it
urges “us” to do something. You can think of it as a “salad” subjunctive because it
has “lettuce,” in it, as in “Let us not go!”.
• The third person volitive is sometimes called jussive (from iussus) because it is a
polite order.
• The volitive subjunctive uses the negative nē instead of nōn.
Optative (wished for, from optō)
(Utinam) eāmus!
Nē eāmus!
Would that we were going
Would that we were not going!
Notā Bene:
• The optative subjunctive can be introduced by the word utinam (“would that”).
• The optative subjunctive uses the negative nē instead of nōn.
• Eāmus (“Let’s go!”) can equally be translated “Let’s go!” or “Would that we were
going!”
Potential (possible, from possum)
Velim. I should wish. Nōlim. I should not wish
Notā Bene:
• The potential subjunctive uses the negative nōn.
Deliberative (deliberating, from dēlīberō)
Quid faciam What should I do
Quid non faciam What should I not do
Notā Bene:
• The deliberative subjunctive is only used in the first person.
• The deliberative subjunctive uses the negative nōn.
LEGENDA
Fitzgerald, William. “Labor and Laborer in Latin Poetry: The Case of the Moretum.”
Arethusa 29 (1996) 389-418. Fitzgerald studies the Moretum in the context of ancient
poetic attitudes towards laborers, nature, slavery and urban alienation. His focus is
more on Symilus than on Scybale.
Snowden, Frank M. Blacks in Antiquity. 1970. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press. This major study of Blacks in the Greco-Roman world includes a discussion of
Vergil’s description of Scybale.
674

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
While the Servilian family worries about their avus dying,
Cordus’ worst fears about fires are realized and the family of
Valeria is put into dire straits.
GRAMMATICA
Result Clauses
Subordinate Clauses: Temporal, Purpose and Result
Imperfect Subjunctives, Active and Passive
Concept of Sequence
Noun Clauses with fac ut
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Incendium in Bithyniā
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Prōvinciae Rōmānae
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin Mottoes in the Modern World
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Bithynia-et-Pontus
Mementō Morī
“Remember that you die”
a mosaic from Pompeii
http://altreligion.about.com/library/gra
phics/memento5.jpg
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Confusing Pairs: Latin Homonyms and Heteronyms
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
Rome at Night
The city of Rome was noisy and dangerous, especially at night. There were no street
lights and only the bravest or most desperate went out at night without protection.
Wheeled traffic was prohibited in the city center in Rome during the day so much of this
commercial traffic took place at night. The noise from this traffic could be deafening and
ancient Romans often complained about the noise. The night on which Lectiō Prīma
takes place proves to be a fatal one for many inhabitants.

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Result Clauses
Result clauses tell just that – a result. Consider these English sentences
• Charley is so tall that he ducks when he comes into a room.
• Martha is so smart that her teachers always love her.
• Brutus is so troublesome that no teachers want to teach him.
In Latin, the main clause (underlined) is in the indicative because it states the
most obvious fact --- Charley is tall, Martha is smart. The result (here in italics) is
dependent upon the first, factual clause, and is therefore in the subjunctive mood.
• Carolus tam longus est ut, in cameram intrans, caput declinet.
• Martha tam intelligens est ut magistrī eam semper ament.
• Brutus tam molestus est ut nullī magistrī eum docēre velint.
A Latin result clause is often (but not always) introduced by one of these vocabulary
markers. You can call these “So” words:
ita
sīc
tam
tantus, -a, -um
so, thus; yes
so, thus, in this way
so, so much (as)
so great, so much
It is that simple! All result clauses follow this formula:
Any main verb + “so word” → ut/ut nōn + subjunctive
Notandum: The negative result clause can have a variety of “nōn” words, such as
nullus, numquam, nēmō, etc.
We will explain more about result clauses after you read Lectiō Prīma, but for now you
should be able to translate them easily enough.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXII.A Recognizing Result Clauses
Directions: Do this exercise as you translate Lectiō Prīma. You can find all of the
sentences with result clauses line by line in Lectiō Prīma by looking for the “so” word,
the ut, and the verb in the result clause marked in bold. For each sentence fill in the form
as directed. We have done the first one for you:
676

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
Lines 2-4 Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene dormiant.
Main Clause
Result Clause
Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive
est Tanta ut Dormiant
Translation: He/she/it is so great that they sleep.
Lines 14-15 Tanta est paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper cibum
quaerant.
Main Clause
Result Clause
Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive
Translation:
Lines
Main Clause
Result Clause
Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive
Translation:
Incendium!
5
10
15
Sērō est et paucī in viīs Rōmae sunt. In Colle Viminālī, prope domum
Servīliōrum, viae dēsertae sunt et tanta est
tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene
dormiant. Servī molliter labōrant dum dominī
dormiunt. Familia Servīliana autem non quiescit quod
GEMMA
The Artorius of this story
is based on a real Artorius,
a Greek physician-friend of
Augustus early in his
career. He died c.30 B.C.
avus aeger est. Multī medicī, inter quōs quīdam
Artorius est, avum palpant, urīnam īnspectant, pannōs
madidōs applicant, et multa alia temptant ut avum
sānent. Dum aliī medicī inter sē disputant, Servīlius Artorium ad sē vocat et
eum rogat: “Quid dē patre meō Opīnāris eum mortuūrum esse” Et ille:
“Nōn,” inquit, “tē dēcipiam. Pater tuus aegrōtissimus est. Opīnor hanc
noctem eī ultimam esse. Febris saevissima eum tenet et cum febrēs senēs
tenent, rēs perīculōsa est. Nihil agendum, solum precandum est.”
In Subūrā, autem, viae numquam omnīnō dēsertae sunt. Tanta est
paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper cibum quaerant.
Plaustra quoque per viās urbis progrediuntur noctū sed interdiū et tantum
clāmōrem faciunt ut multī incolae īnsulārum frequenter nōn dormīre
possint.
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20
25
30
35
40
In ūnā īnsulā Subūrae trēs nōn
dormiunt. Infāns Liciniae tam fortiter flet ut
Licinia expergīscātur et nunc sedet, infantem
nūtriens. Mox, infante nūtrītō, fortasse Licinia
iterum dormiet. Infrā Fēlīx, Mendācis fēlēs,
quoque difficultātem dormiendī habet,
Mendācis stertendī causā. Mendāx hodiē
tantam multam pecūniam ā transeuntibus
postulāvit ut multum vīnum emere posset.
Lucerna Rōmāna
Vīnō cōnsūmptō, Mendāx nunc sicut mortuus Most Romans used simple oil lamps
dormit et tam fortiter stertit ut Fēlix dormīre like this one. The cavity was filled
with oil and a lighted wick was
nōn possit.
inserted in the lip.
Fēlīx valdē īrātus prīmō sē paulum http://www.bgst.edu.sg/realia/l16.ht
lavat sed tunc, unō pede faciem Mendācis
m
tangit ut eum excitet et sonitum sistat. Mendāx autem nōn expergīscitur!
Fēlīx īrātior fit et nunc faciem Mendācis ambōbus pedibus haud leniter
pulsat! Mendāx mussitāns, manū fēlem removēre conātur sed manus
lucernam, quae nōndum extīncta est, pulsat. Ignis lucernae pannōs, qui
Mendācī lectō sunt, incendunt.
Fēlīx ignem metuens Mendācem iterum excitāre conātur sed ignis
tam celeriter crēscit ut fēlī fugiendum sit. Suprā, Licinia, adhūc infantem
Maximum nūtriēns, dormit. Sōcratēs, autem, quī in angulō dormit, fūmum
sensit et nunc fortiter clāmāre incipit. Subitō Licinia expergīscitur et fūmum
sentiēns perterrita est. Perīculum adest! Ignis in īnsulīs Rōmae semper rēs
gravissima est!
“Aelī!” clāmat. “Aelī! Expergīscere! Incendium!”
Verba Ūtenda
aeger, aegra, aegrum sick
angulus, -ī m. corner
applicō, applicāre, applicāvī /
applicuī, applicātum /
applicitum apply
Artorius, -iī m. Artorius, a
man’s name
collis, collis m. hill
cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere,
cōnsūmpsī, cōsūmptum
consume
crēscō, crēscere, crēvī,
crētum grow, arise,
appear, increase
dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī,
haud not, by no means
incendium, -iī n. fire,
conflagration
incendō, incendere, incendī,
incēnsum set fire to,
inflame, burn
incola, -ae m./f. inhabitant
īnfrā below, underneath,
under
interdiū by day
lucerna, -ae f. (oil) lamp
madidus, -a, -um moist, wet
medicus, -ī m. physician, doctor
metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum
fear, be afraid of
palpō (1) stroke, caresss
pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment,
rags
paupertās, -tātis f. poverty
plaustrum, -ī n. cart, wagon
postulō (1) beg
precor, precārī, precātus sum
pray
prīmō at first
removeō, remōvēre, remōvī,
remōtum remove
Rōmae at Rome
saevus, -a, -um raging, violent
sānō (1) restore to health
sērō late
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dēceptum cheat
dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī,
dēsertum desert
disputō (1) argue
excitō (1) awaken, excite,
raise
expergīscōr, expergīscī,
experrēctus sum awake,
wake up
extinguō, estinguere, extīnxī,
extīnctum extinguish
febris, febris f. fever
fēlēs, fēlis f. cat
frequenter frequently
fūmus, -ī m. smoke
CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
mollis, molle soft
mortuus, -a, um dead
mussitō (1) mutter
Nihil agendum, solum
precandum est. Literally,
“nothing can be done; there
must only be praying.” But
we would say “There is
nothing to do except pray.”
noctū at night
nōndum not yet
nūtrīō, nūtrīre, nūtrīvī / nūtriī,
nūtritum nurse, nourish, raise
omnīnō utterly, altogether,
completely
Servīlianus, -a, -um Servilian,
of the Servilii
stertō, sterteren sertuī snore
suprā above; + acc. over, on
top of
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctum
touch; reach; affect, move,
mention
temptō (1) feel; try; test
transeō, transīre, transīvī /
transīī, transitum go over,
go across
urīna, -ae f. urine
Vīminālis, -is m. Viminal
(hill), one of the seven hills
of Rome
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. Why are the wealthy people able to sleep so well on the Viminal Hill
2. Why are the members of the Servilian family not sleeping
3. What medical techniques are used by the physician Artorius How do these
compare to modern medical practices
4. Why do the poorer families in the Subura not sleep as well as those on the
Viminal
5. What is keeping Valeria’s family awake
6. Why is Mendax sleeping so soundly despite the noise
7. How does Felix the cat cause a fire
8. Who is the first to smell fire in Valeria’s household
GRAMMATICA A
Subordinate Clauses: Temporal, Purpose and Result
The concept of a result clause is more important grammatically in Latin than it is
in English. Looking at Latin temporal, purpose and result clauses will help you
understand why this is the case. Compare the relationship between the main and
subordinate clauses in each of the following sentences:
TEMPORAL
Indicative (or imperative) main verb + conjunction+ indicative subordinate verb
Servī molliter labōrant dum omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiunt.
The servants work softly while all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Here the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses is temporal, i.e., based
upon time. The two actions happen simultaneously. In this case, Latin uses indicative
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verbs in both clauses.
PURPOSE
Indicative (or imperative) main verb + ut + subjunctive subordinate verb
Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
The servants work softly so that all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Here the action of the main clause is performed with the intent or purpose that the action
of the subordinate clause will happen. In this case Latin puts the verb in the main clause
in the indicative mood because this action actually happens but the verb of the
subordinate clause is subjunctive because this action is contingent upon the action of the
main verb.
RESULT
Indicative main verb + “so” word + ut + subjunctive subordinate verb
Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
There is so great tranquility that all the rich people sleep well in their
bedrooms.
Here the action of the main clause leads to or results in the action of the subordinate
clause. In this case, as with purpose clauses, Latin puts the verb in the main clause in the
indicative mood because this action actually happens but the verb of the subordinate
clause is subjunctive because this action is contingent upon the action of the main verb.
The distinction between purpose and result is not as clear in English sentences:
PURPOSE
The servants work softly so that all the rich people sleep well in their
bedrooms.
RESULT
The night is so tranquil that all the rich people sleep well in their
bedrooms.
Notice that English uses some form of “so. . . that” to express either purpose or result.
At first glance the distinction between purpose and result appears equally vague in
Latin because Latin uses ut + subjunctive in both cases:
PURPOSE
Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
RESULT
Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
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CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
There are, however, several ways to distinguish purpose from result in Latin:
• The presence of a “so” word like tam or tantus in the main clause often leads to a
subordinate result clause.
• Negative purpose clauses are introduced by nē while negative result clauses are
introduced by ut + nōn (or other negatives like nēmō, nūllus, etc.)
Servī molliter labōrant nē omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene vigilent.
Tantus est clāmor ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs nōn bene dormiant.
Tantus est clāmor ut nūllus dīvēs in cubiculīs bene dormiat.
Tantus est clāmor ut nēmō in cubiculīs dormiat.
XXXII.C Distinguishing Temporal, Purpose and Result Clauses
Directions: The subordinate clauses in each of the following sentences are marked in
bold. Identify each as temporal, purpose or result.
_result_____1. Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene dormiant.
_temporal__2. Servī molliter labōrant dum omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiunt.
_purpose___3. Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
__________4. Pauperēs in Subūrā noctū nōn dormiunt ut cibum quaerant.
__________5. Tanta est paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper
cibum quaerant.
__________6. Dum nox cadit, pauperēs in Subūrā cibum quaerunt.
__________7. Fēlēs celeriter currit ut incendium fugiat.
__________8. Ignis tam celeriter crēscit ut fēlī fugiendum sit.
__________9. Fēlī fugiendum est nē igne moriātur.
_________10. Fēlēs tam celeriter currit ut nōn igne moriātur.
_________11. Fēlēs celeriter currit dum ignis crēscit.
_________12. Dum Mendax stertit, fēlēs dormit.
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
Larēs
As the family of Valeria escapes from the fire, watch for a literary allusion to a famous
scene in Vergil’s Aeneid when the hero Aeneas escapes from burning Troy with his father
Anchises on his shoulder and his son Ascanius (Iulus) at his side. Anchises holds in his
hands the larēs or household gods of the family. Even the poorest family, like that of
Valeria would have its own household gods to protect them. The larēs of Valeria’s family
have a major challenge on this particular night.
Notā bene: If you look carefully, you will also find the mottoes of several U.S. states
used in Lectiō Secunda.
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Aenēas Fugiens
Aeneas Fleeing Troy
by Gianlorenzo Bernini
1619
Galleria Borghese, Rome
http://clipper.jbhs.wi.k12.md.us/~jrobins/Latin/dcaeneas-bernini.gif
Imperfect Subjunctive
In this reading you are introduced to the imperfect subjunctive, which is very easy to
recognize and form:
Present Active Infinitive + Personal Endings, Active/Passive Imperfect Subjunctive
Examples: clamāre+m clamarem
vidēre + s vidērēs
capere + t caperet
audīre + mus audīrēmus
conāre + mini conārēmini
sequere + ntur sequerentur
Notandum; Deponent verbs do not really have a present active infinitive, but one is
“invented” from which to make the imperfect subjunctive.
Look for imperfect subjunctives in Lectiō Secunda marked in bold, and for now,
just translate them as you would present subjunctives, i.e., with a “magic” word like
“may,” “might,” “should,” “would,” etc. For now, you will only see imperfect
subjunctives in subordinate clauses. After you read, we will explain in more detail how
an imperfect subjunctive works.
Fac ut…
Also watch out in this reading for commands beginning with fac ut or facite ut, followed
by the subjunctive. Translate these as “see to it that.”
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CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXII.C Recognizing the Imperfect Subjunctive
Directions: As you read Lectiō Prima write down every imperfect subjunctive you see
line by line and then also write down the main verb in that sentence in the following grid.
We have done the first one for you.
Line # Imperfect Subjunctive Main Verb
2 Faceret cucurrit
Effugium!
5
10
15
20
Vōce Liciniae audītō, Aelius statim experrēctus est. Tunicam induēns
cucurrit ad uxōrem ut dē nātūrā difficultātis sē certiōrem faceret et uxōrem
adiuvāret. Fūmum sensit et īnfrā vōcēs civium flentium audīvit, “Aelī,”
infrā sē inquit, “nunc est agendum!”
Aelius tōtam familiam excitāvit et vōce
fortissimā eīs imperāvit:
“Valeria,” inquit, “tū et Flāvia pannōs
madefacite et facite ut pannī super ōra omnium sint!
Celeriter! Licinia, tū fac ut pannōs madefactōs super
totum corpus Maximī ponās! Ego Plōtiam Larēsque
arcessam! Et Valeria, mementō pecuniae!”
Per fūmum Aelius Plōtiam arcessīvit et
anum in lectō plōrantem invēnit. Tempus erat
agendī, nōn loquendī, et Aelius ergo anum in
umerīs posuit ut salūtem eī ferret. Tunc familiā
sequente exīre incipiēbat.
“Dīrigō. Mē sequiminī,” Aelius clāmāvit
et, Aeliō dūce, familia, quae propter fūmum male
vidēre potuit, scālās timidē descendit. Aelius
Plōtiam atque Larēs portat, Valeria omnem
Aenēas
Julius Caesar issued this coin
depicting Aeneas’ flight from
Troy with his father Anchises on
his shoulder and the Lares in his
right hand. Compare this scene to
Aelius’ flight from the burning
building.
http://www.livius.org/a/1/romane
mpire/coin_caesar_aeneas.jpg
familiae pecūniam, Licinia Maximum, et Flavia Sōcratem. Āēr in insulā
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25
30
35
40
45
incendentī tam calidus erat ut vix spīrārent. Tandem salūtem viārum
pervēnērunt et āerem pūriōrem spīrāre incipiēbant.
In viā multī accurrēbant ut familiās iuvārent et fortasse incendium
exstinguerent. Sed aestus incendiī tantus erat ut adiuvantēs nihil efficere
possent et mox non solum haec īnsula sed etiam duae aliae comburentur.
Tam celeriter ignis per īnsulam extendit ut sēdecim, inter quōs Mendāx,
perīrent.
Paulō post, sedēns in viā, familia Valeriae
diū nihil dīxit. Quid dicendum erat Dēnique
Valeria “Vōs cōnsōlēminī!” inquit. “Saltem
neque mortuī neque vulnerātī sumus. Sīmia
servātor noster profectō est! Dum spīrāmus, spērāmus!”
Valeriā haec dīcente Fēlīx, nunc fūmōsus et leniter ustus, familiae
appropinquāvit et sē in crūre Liciniae fricābat. Licinia, fēlem intuēns, eum
mulsit et “Vivis!” inquit. “Nōmen aptum habes, fēlēs—verē ‘fēlix’ es.
Opīnor tē nōbīs ōminī bonō esse! Dīs gratiam habēamus.”
Tunc Valeria stetit et pronuntiāvit: “Aelī,
Licinia! Nōn hīc in viā nunc manēre possumus!
Multa agenda sunt! Surgite omnēs! Viam
inveniēmus! Lābor omnia vincit. Hāc nocte in
tabernā et in officīnā Aeliī dormiēmus. Et crās
faciēmus ut novam vītam incipiāmus. Fortasse
ōlim et haec meminisse nōs iuvābit!”
Tālia dīcēns et Fēlicem tollēns, Valeria
GEMMA
insulā incendentī: remember that
when a present active participle
acts like an adjective, the abl.
sing. often ends in –ī, not –e.
GEMMA
Valeria’s words of consolation
are based upon Aeneas’ advice to
his men after they are
shipwrecked in Vergil’s Aeneid
I.203: forsan et haec ōlim
meminisse iuvābit (“Perhaps
someday it will be pleasing to
remember even these things.”).
Liciniam et Maximum ad tabernam dūxit, Aelius Plōtiam Flaviamque cum
sīmiā ad officīnam.
Verba Ūtenda
accurrō, accurrere, accurrī /
accucurrī, accursum run,
hasten to
āēr, āēris m. air, atmosphere
aestus, -ūs m. heat
arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī /
arcessī, arcessītum call
for; summon; procure
cōnsōlor, cōnsōlārī,
cōnsōlātus sum console
crūs, crūris n. leg, shin
dēnique finally, at last
dīrigō, dīrigere, dīrēxī,
dīrēctum direct, guide
efficiō, efficere, effēcī,
fēlēs, fēlis f. cat
fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum weep,
cry
fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum rub
fūmōsus, -a, um smokey
fūmus, -ī m. smoke
incendium, -iī n. fire,
conflagration
incendō, incendere, incendī,
incensum set fire to,
inflame, burn
induō, induere, induī, indūtum
put on
īnfrā below, underneath,
under
nātūra, -ae f. nature,
character
officīna, -ae f. workshop
ōmen, ōminis n. sign, omen
pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment,
rags
pereō, perīre, perīvī / periī,
peritum perish, vanish
plōrō (1) weep
profectō without question,
undoubtedly
prōnūntiō (1) proclaim,
announce, say, recite, report
pūrus, -a, -um pure, plain
saltem at least
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effectum execute,
accomplish, do
effugium, -iī n. flight, escape
excitō (1) awaken, excite,
raise
expergīscōr, expergīscī,
experrēctus sum awake,
wake up
exstinguō, eestinguere,
exstīnxī, exstīnctum
extinguish
extendō, extendere, extendī,
extentum / extensum stretch
out, extend
CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
lar, laris m. household god
madefaciō, madefacere,
madefēcī, madefactum make
moist, soak
meminī, meminisse remember.
Mementō (imperative)
Remember!
mortuus, -a, -um dead
mulceō, mulcēre, mulsī, mulsum
stroke, pet
salūs, salūtis f. health, safety
scālae, -ārum f. pl. stairs,
staircase
servātor, -tōris n. savior
spīrō (1) breathe
surgō, surgere, surrēxī,
surrēctum get up, rise up
timidus, -a, -um afraid, timid
tunica, -ae f. tunic
ūrō, ūrere, ūssī, ūstum burn
vix scarcely, hardly
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. How does Valeria’s family try to protect themselves from smoke and flames as
they escape from the burning building How does this compare with what modern
fire fighters would recommend
2. What item(s) does each of the following family members carry out of the
building: Aelius, Licinia, Valeria, Flavia What does this suggest about what is
important to them What would you take under a similar situation
3. Which family member takes the lead in getting the family to safety How
effective are these plans
4. How much damage does this fire cause
5. To whom does Licinia attribute the family’s safety Why
6. What addition does the family gain as a result of this fire
7. What plan does Valeria propose for getting the family through the night
GRAMMATICA B
Forming the Imperfect Subjunctive
As you have already seen, the imperfect subjunctive is easily formed and recognized by
putting active or passive personal endings on the present active infinitive of any verb.
This process is completely regular. The only trick is to pay attention to macrons. Here is
the full conjugation of vocō in the imperfect subjunctive:
PERSON ACTIVE PASSIVE
singular
1 st vocārem vocārer
2 nd vocārēs vocārēris (or vocārēre)
3 rd vocāret vocārētur
Plural
1 st vocārēmus vocārēmur
2 nd vocārētis vocārēminī
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3 rd vocārent vocārentur
Notā bene: The macrons of the imperfect subjunctive are not hard if you remember two
rules.
• Vowels long in the infinitive are long in the imperfect subjunctive. So, for vocāre,
the –ā– is long throughout the imperfect subjunctive.
• The final –e– of the present active infinitive becomes long, regardless of
conjugation, in the 2 nd person singular (active and passive), in the third person
singular passive, and in the first and second person plural (active and passive).
So, based on these rules, you can easily form the imperfect subjunctive of any verb, no
matter the conjugation. In fact, the imperfect subjunctives of irregular verbs follow the
regular pattern:
essem, essēs, esset, etc. (sum)
possem, possēs, posset, etc. (possum)
vellem, vellēs vellet, etc. (volō)
nōllem, nōllēs, nōllet, etc. (nōlō)
māllem, māllēs, māllet, etc. (mālō)
īrem, īrēs, īret (eō)
fierem, fierēs, fieret (fīō)
Why the Imperfect Subjunctive: The Concept of Sequence
Why does Latin need an imperfect subjunctive The answer lies in something
grammarians call the Sequence of Tenses. What does this mean
You will see the answer to this grow as you learn more subjunctive forms, but for
now you only need to know that the tense of the main verb of the sentence determines
which tense of the subjunctive will follow it in a subordinate clause.
For now, if the main verb is in a primary tense (present, future or future perfect),
then the subjunctive in the subordinate (purpose or result) clause, goes in the present
subjunctive. If the main verb is in a secondary tense (imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect),
then the subjunctive in the subordinate (purpose or result) clause goes in the imperfect
subjunctive.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Verb in Main Clause
(Subjunctive) Verb in Subordinate Clause
PRIMARY
PRESENT subjunctive
(present, future, future perfect tenses)
SECONDARY
IMPERFECT subjunctive
(imperfect, perfect, pluperfect tenses)
Now compare these sentences. As you do, compare the tenses of the main and
subordinate verbs.
686

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
PURPOSE
RESULT
PRIMARY
Omnēs celeriter currunt ut
incendium fugiant.
Incendium tam forte est ut
omnēs fugiant.
SECONDARY
Omnēs celeriter cucurrērunt
ut incendium fugerent.
Incendium tam forte erat ut
omnēs fugerent.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXII.D Recognizing the Imperfect Subjunctive
Directions: Here are some imperfect subjunctive forms. Identify the person, number,
voice (active, passive, deponent or irregular), and first principal part of each. We have
done some for you to get you started.
Person Number Voice 1 st Principal Part
Vocārem 1 st singular active vocō
Monērēs
Duceret
Caperēmus
Audīrētis
Vocārēmur
passive
monērētur
ducerēris
caperentur
audīrēminī
cōnārer
deponent
pollicērēmur
sequerētur
paterēminī
mentīrentur
essem
irregular
possentur
vellēs
fieret
īrēmus
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Incendium in Bithyniā
While governor of the province of Bithynia-and-Pontus (in modern Turkey) in 109-111
A.D., Pliny the Younger maintained a correspondence with the emperor Trajan. In the
following simplified excerpt from one of these letters, Pliny describes a fire in the city of
Nicomedia, tells the emperor about precautions he has taken, and asks the emperor’s
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advice about setting up a public fire brigade in the city.
PLINIUS TRAIANŌ IMPERĀTŌRI
Liber X. Epistula 33
Cum dīversam partem prōvinciae circumīrem, in Nicomediā vastissimum
incendium multās prīvātōrum domōs et, quamquam viā interiacente, duo pūblica
opera (Gerusian et Īsēon) absūmpsit. (2) [Incendium] est autem latius sparsum
prīmum violentiā ventī, deinde inertiā hominum quōs spectātōres tantī malī
ōtiōsōs et immōbiles perstitisse satis constat; et aliōquī in pūblicō nullus sīpō
usquam, nulla hama, nullum dēnique īnstrūmentum ad incendia compescenda. Et,
ut iam praecēpī, haec quidem parābuntur; (3) tū, domine, dispice an putēs
collēgium fabrōrum (dumtaxat hominum CL) instituendum esse. . . . .
Verba Ūtenda
aliōquī besides
an whether
circumeō, circumīre, circumīvī
/ circumiī, circumitum go
around
collēgium, -iī n. club, group
compescō, compescere,
compescuī confine, restrain
cōnstat Impersonal verb: “it is
known (that)”
cum when (introducing a
subordinate clause with an
imperfect subjunctive—
more on this later!)
dispiciō, dispicere, dispexī,
dispectum consider
dīversus, -a, -um different
dumtaxat only up to “only
up to 150”
faber, fabrī m. workman
Gerūsia, -ae f. Senior
Citizens’ building
hama, -ae f. fire bucket
interiaceō, interiacēre lie
between
immōbilis, -e immovable,
unmoving
inertia, -ae f. idleness
Īsēon, -ēī n. temple of the
goddess Isis
opus, operis n. structure,
building
ōtiōsus, -a, -um useless,
unoccupied
praecipiō, praecipere,
praecēpī, praeceptum order
perstō, perstāre, perstitī,
perstātum stand around
prīvātus, -a, -um private
(citizen)
pūblicus, -a, -um public,
common
quidem certainly
sīp(h)ō,-ōnis m. water hose
spargō, spargere, sparsī,
sparsum spread, scatter
ut as
vastus, -a, -um huge
ventus, -ī m. wind
violentia, -ae f. force, violence
In his response, which survives in Pliny’s correspondence (X.34), the emperor reminds
Pliny about the dangers of setting up an official corporation of firefighters. Such
organizations, the emperor warns, have sometimes become dangerous political
organizations in Pliny’s province and have disturbed the peace. Trajan advises Pliny
instead to make available the equipment needed for fighting fires but to encourage the
inhabitants themselves to serve as volunteer firefighters when needed.
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Prōvinciae Rōmānae
Rome’s first province was the island of Sicily which became Roman territory at
the end of the First Punic War in 241 B.C. Most provinces were acquired by conquest;
some by bequest, like Bithynia, which became a Roman province in the will of its last
king, Nicomedes IV in 74 B.C.
688

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
Originally a province was managed by a governor (prōpraetor, -ōris m.)
appointed by the senate. Becoming a governor was usually considered an important step
in advancing one’s political career. Julius Caesar, for example, conquered Gallia (France)
while governor of Gallia Cisalpīna (northern Italy). Cicero was governor of Cilicia
(modern Turkey).
In the Imperial period, some provinces, especially ones in which large armies
were stationed, were under direct control of the emperor, who sent a deputy (legatus, -ī
m.) to represent him in the province. These were called imperial provinces while
senatorial provinces were still governed by propraetors appointed by the senate.
Here is a short list of some important provinces, their years of acquisition and
status as imperial or senatorial provinces. Consult the map of the Roman Empire on pg.
### as you look at this list. The countries in parentheses are the approximate modern
equivalents:
Sicilia (Sicily) 241 B.C. Senatorial
Hispania (Spain) 197 B.C. Imperial
Macedonia (northern Greece) 148 B.C. Senatorial
Āfrica (Tunisia) 146 B.C. Senatorial
Āsia (western Turkey) 133 B.C. Senatorial
Gallia Transalpīna or Narbonensis 121 B.C. Senatorial
(southern France)
Bithynia-et-Pontus 75/74 B.C. Senatorial
Gallia (France)
59 B.C.
Aquitania
Imperial
Belgica
Imperial
Celtica
Imperial
Aegyptus (Egypt) 30 B.C. Imperial
Achaea (Greece) 27 B.C. Senatorial
Britannia (England) 43 A.D. Imperial
Pliny served as governor of Bithynia-and-Pontus as lēgātus Augustī prō praetore
consulārī potestāte ex senātūscōnsultō missus. Usually a lēgātus Augustī prō praetore
(“deputy of the Augustus instead of a praetor”) was sent to govern an imperial province,
but Bithynia-Pontus was a senatorial province. That is why Pliny’s title also included the
phrase ex senātūscōnsultō missus (sent by decree of the senate). He also governed with
consular power (consulārī potestāte).
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin Mottoes in the Modern World
Many modern organizations have Latin mottoes, including these fire departments:
Ad serviendum dedicātus
Ut aliī vīvant
Nōn sibi sed omnibus
Springfield, PA
Buffalo, NY
Cottage Grove, MN
689

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Semper parātus
Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī
Vēritās ex cineribus
Audāx et prōmptus
Long Beach, CA
Douglas, MA
New York City, Bureau of Fire Investigation
Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board,
Melbourne, Australia
Here is a small sample of Latin mottoes of colleges and universities:
Vēritās
Harvard University
In Hoc Signō Vincēs
College of the Holy Cross
Lūx
Monmouth College
Lūx et Vēritās
Yale University
Nūmen Lūmen
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Ense Petit Placidam Sub Libertāte Quietem University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Vēritās et Ūtilitās
Howard University
Quaecumque Sunt Vēra
Northwestern University
Deī Sub Numine Viget
Princeton University
Mēns et Manus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
In Lūmine Tuō Vidēbimus Lūmen Columbia University
Did you find the four state mottoes hiding in Lectiō Secunda
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Bithynia-et-Pontus
Pliny the Younger was governor of the province of Bithynia-and-Pontus from 109
through 111 A.D. This region, now part of northern Turkey, was first organized as a
Roman senatorial province by Pompey the Great after 74 B.C. The area was settled by
many veterans of armies led by several generals or emperors, including Julius Caesar and
Augustus.
The south coast of the Black Sea was a prosperous area during the Roman Empire
and dotted by Roman and/or Greek cities, including Amasia and Zela in Pontus, and
Sinope, Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia. Nicomedia (modern Izmit) became a major
imperial city under the emperor Diocletian (284-313 A.D.).
Bithynia is also associated with the poet Catullus, who served there on the staff of
the governor Memmius in 57 B.C. Catullus’ poem #46 is a farewell to Bithynia, which
the poet is eager to leave as springtime approaches and better weather makes traveling
safer. Here is a simplified version of the poem:
Iam uēr ēgelidum tepōrēm refert,
Iam caelī furor aequinoctiālis
aurīs iucundīs Zephyrī silēscit.
Phrygiī campī et ager ūber Nicaeae aestuōsae
linquantur, ō Catulle.,
ad urbēs clārās Āsiae volēmus..
Iam mens praetrepidans uagārī auet,
690

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
Iam pedēs laetī studiō uigēscunt.
Ō dulcēs coetūs comitum,
quī longe simul ā domō profectī sunt
et quōs uiae dīuersae uariē reportant, ualēte.
Note the independent subjunctives (linquantur and volēmus) marked in bold. Also notice
how the poet addresses himself. This figure of speech is called apostrophe. Later in the
poem the poet addresses his companions instead of himself. The repetition of iam at the
beginning of several phrases is a figure of speech called anaphora.
Verba Ūtenda
aequinoctiālis, -e equinoctal,
of the equinox (in this
case, March 20). It was a
time of storms that made
sailing difficult.
aestuosus, -a, -um (boiling)
hot
ager, agrī m. field
Āsia, -ae f. Asia, Roman
province in western
Turkey
aura, -ae f. breeze
aveō, avēre be eager
caelum, -ī n. sky
campus, -ī m. field
clārus, -a, -um clear, famous
coetus, -ūs m. assembly, band
comes, comitis m. / f.
companion
dīversus, -a, -um differing,
varied
ēgilidus, -a, -um warm
furor, -ōris m. fury, rage
iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant,
agreeable
linquō, -ere, līquī leave behind
Nicaea, -ae f. the city of Nicaea
Phrygius, -a, -um Phrygian,
related to Phrygia
praetrepidō (1) be nervous in
anticipation
reportō (1) bring home
silēscō, silēscere, silēscuī grow
quiet
tepor, tepōris m. warmth, heat
ūber, ūberis rich
vagor, vagārī, vagātus sum
wander
variē in different directions
vēr, vēris n. springtime
vigēscō, vigēscere become
strong
volō (1) fly
Zephyrus, -ī m. the West
Wind, which brings mild
weather
http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/0/d/5/asiaminor2.gif
691

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Palace of Diocletian at Nicomedia
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/I
mage:Palace_of_Diocletian_in_Nicom
edia.jpg
QUID PUTĀS
1. Does your college or university have a Latin motto If
so, find out what it means. Why you do you think this
motto was chosen If your school does not have a Latin
motto, create one for it and explain why you consider
this motto appropriate.
2. What is the motto of your state If it is a Latin motto,
translate it into English. If the motto is in English, try
translating it into Latin.
3. Based upon his letter to Trajan, how would you
evaluate Pliny’s performance as governor of Bithynia
4. Why do you think that the Romans developed a double
system of government for their provinces How
efficient does this system sound
5. How does Catullus show is eagerness to leave
Bithynia in Poem #46 Why do you think he is eager
to leave How would you feel in a similar situation
Great Seal of the State of Maine
Note the Latin motto: Dīrigō.
http://mainegovimages.informe.org/sos/sealcol2.jpg
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXII.E SCRIBĀMUS
Directions: Use the first paragraph in Lectiō Prīma to answer each of the following
questions in a complete Latin sentence. We have done the first one for you.
1. Quī bene dormiunt in cubiculīs quod tanta est tranquillitās in viīs
Omnēs dīvitēs bene dormiunt.
2. Cur familia Servīliana non quiescit
3. Quis avum palpat
4. Quid nōmen est ūnī medicōrum
5. Quid alius medicus inspectat
692

6. Quid alius medicus applicat
7. Quem Servīlius ad sē vocat
8. Quis nōn Servīlius dēcipit
9. Quis aegrotissimus est
10. Quem febris saevissima tenet
11. Quid agendum est
CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
XXXII.F LOQUĀMUR
Directions: Practice asking and answering the questions in Exerice XXXII.E with a
partner.
Verba Discenda
āēr, āēris m. air,
atmosphere
arcessō, arcessere,
arcessīvī / arcessī,
arcessītum call for;
summon; procure
collis, collis m. hill
crēscō, crēscere, crēvī,
crētum grow, arise,
appear, increase
dēnique finally, at last
efficiō, efficere, effēcī,
effectum execute,
accomplish, do
expergīscōr, expergīscī,
experrēctus sum
awake, wake up
excitō (1) awaken,
excite, raise
incendium, -iī n. fire,
conflagration
incendō, incendere,
incendī, incensum set
fire to, inflame, burn
īnfrā below,
underneath, under
meminī, meminisse
remember. Mementō
(imperative)
Remember!
nātūra, -ae f. nature,
character
nōndum not yet
omnīnō utterly,
altogether, completely
pereō, perīre, perīvī /
perīī, peritum perish,
vanish
prīmō at first
profectō without
question, undoubtedly
removeō, remōvēre,
remōvī, remōtum move
back; remove
salūs, salūtis f. health,
safety
spīrō (1) breathe
suprā above; + acc.
over, on top of
surgō, surgere, surrēxī,
surrēctum get up, rise
up
tangō, tangere, tetigī,
tāctum touch; reach;
affect, move, mention
temptō (1) feel; try; test
transeō, transīre, transīvī
/ transīī, transitum go
over, go across
vix scarcely, hardly
XXXII.G Verba Discenda
Directions: Identify the verbum discendum from which each of the following English
words is derived. Then use the meaning of the Latin word to define the English word. If
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
you need help, use a dictionary. We have done the first one for you.
1. aerodynamics: From āēr, āēris m. air, atmosphere (actually a Latin word
borrowed from Greek). “Dynamics related to air or gases.”
2. excitant:
3. incendiary:
4. incense:
5. increase:
6. infrared:
7. inspiration:
8. insurrection:
9. memento:
10. remote:
11. salutatory:
12. supernatural:
13. supraorbital:
14. tactile:
15. temptation:
16. transitory:
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Confusing Pairs: Latin Homonyms and Heteronymns
As you may remember from Caput XIV, words that are spelled and pronounced
the same are often called homonyms. For example, in English, we have two words
“bark” (spelled and pronounced the same): the “bark of a dog” and the “bark of a tree.” If
words have the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning, they are
sometimes called heteronyms; for example, in English we have two words “row” spelled
the same but pronounced differently: to “row” a boat” and to have a “row” (argument).
In Latin there are many examples of such confusing pairs which require special
694

CAPUT XXXII
Mementō Morī
attention. Here are some confusing pairs you have seen earlier in this book. Keep in mind
that Romans did not use macrons to distinguish long vowels. They only “heard” the
difference between these words:
anus
hic
est
liber
liberī
malum
ānus
hīc
ēst (from edō)
līber
līberī
mālum
If you do not remember how the macrons change the meanings of these words, look them
up in a dictionary.
Especially important in Latin are homonyms and heteronyms created by verb
tense change . Such words can often cause confusion. For example, the word “read” in
the sentence “I read the book.” can be understood as either present or past tense. Notice
how English changes the pronunciation to indicate the tense change, rather like the
difference between venit and vēnit.
Homonyms are especially common in 3 rd conjugation verbs with the same stem
in present and perfect active:
Present
vertit
accendit
dēfendit
contendit
metuit
solvit
occīdit
etc.
Perfect
vertit
accendit
dēfendit
contendit
metuit
solvit
occīdit
While some might argue that these pairs are not different words, but rather different tense
forms of the same word, it is certainly true that they have very different meanings.
And some third conjugation verbs have present and perfect stems which create
heteronyms:
Present
venit
edit
emit
legit
fugit
Perfect
vēnit
ēdit
ēmit
lēgit
fūgit
And there are a variety of other confusing pairs in other parts of speech; for example, the
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
dative singular of lēx (“law”) is lēgi while the present passive infinitive of legō (“I read”)
is legī. Usually it is not difficult to distinquish such look-alike words in context, even
when you don’t have macrons to guide you:
Liber celeriter legī potest. The book can be read quickly.
Cedō lēgi.
I yield to the law.
Finally, try to read this sentence with a triple play of heteronyms!
Eō eō nē ab eō inveniar. I go there lest I be found by him..
LEGENDA
Hussey, George B. “Latin Verbs Which Can be Formed from Two Stems.” The New York
Latin Leaflet I (1901): 1-3.
Hussey, George B. A Hanbook of Latin Homonyms. Boston: Sanborn, 1905.
Sherwin-White, A.N. Pliny’s Letters. A Social and Historical Commentary. 1966.
Oxford:
Sherwin-White, A.N. “Pliny, the Man and his Letters.” Greece & Rome 16 (1969): 76-89.
696

CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
The family of Valeria deals with the aftermath of the fire while
the family of Servilius mourns the death of avus. The bodies of
avus, Mendax and Hephaestus are prepared for burial.
GRAMMATICA
Indirect Commands: (Iubeō + infinitive Iussive Noun Clauses)
Future Imperative
Indicative Temporal Clauses
Command Consolidation
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Vestis Virum Facit
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Vestīmenta Rōmāna
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Vested in English
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Via Appia
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Command Performance
Augustus Togātus
Augustus wearing a toga
(Louvre)
http://content.answers.com/mai
n/content/wp/en/thumb/5/5b/18
0px-Caesar_augustus.jpg
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
Lectiō Prīma takes place the morning after the fire. The family of Valeria meets at
the taberna to discuss their situation. Their home is destroyed. Aelius’ assistant
Hephaestus is dead and the shop severely damaged. Under these circumstances Caecilia’s
suggestion that Aelius pay a visit to her husband, Servilius, becomes even more
imperative.
More Commands
In this lectiō you will encounter several more ways to express commands in Latin.
Besides the regular imperative, hortatory subjunctive and fac ut clauses, which you have
already seen, here are several other ways to give orders in Latin:

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Indirect Command
Orders or requests introduced by words like imperō (“I command”), hortor (“I
urge”) and orō (“I pray”). These phrases work like purpose clauses so look for a
commanding verb + ut or nē + subjunctive and be on the lookout for the case a given
verb governs. You will see this in the dictionary entry for the verb.
Imperō tibi ut sedeās.
I command that you sit.
I command you to sit.
Hortor tē ut sedeās.
I urge you to sit.
Imperō tibi nē sedeās.
I command that you not sit.
I command you not to sit.
Hortor tē nē sedeās.
I urge you not to sit.
Notice that imperō orders someone in the dative case while hortor urges someone
in the accusative.
BUT not all verbs of commanding take an indirect command:
Iubeō/ Vetō + Infinitive
Iubeō (“I order”) + accusative-infinitive construction
Tē sedēre iubeō.
I order you to sit.
To give a negative order, use vetō (1)
Vetō (“I forbid”) + accusative-infinitive construction
Tē sedēre vetō.
I forbid you to sit.
Cavē(te) + subjunctive
Cavē nē id faciās!
Cavēte nē id faciātis!
Do not do this!
Do not do this!
Notā bene: The literal translation of Cavē! is “ Beware!” and the literal translation of the
sentences above would be “Beware lest you should do this!” A bit formal for today’s
diction!
698

Future Imperatives
CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
• These are used in Latin to emphasize that the event will take place sometime in
the future or that the event will occur repeatedly. Watch for these imperatives
with the endings –tō in the singlular and –tōte in the plural:
Sedētō! Sit! Keep on sitting!
Sedētōte! Sit! Keep on sitting (all of you)!
• The most common instances of this imperative are with certain verbs such as:
Estō bonus!
Mementōte id facere!
Mementō morī
Be good!
Remember to do this!
Be mindful of death.
The last one was repeated by a slave to a Roman emperor celebrating a triumph
through the streets of Rome. The injunction was meant to keep them from getting a big
head. One rather odd literal translation would be “Remember to die!”
Watch for imperatives of all these types in Lectiō Prīma. After you read we will look
more closely at these commands and later in the chapter we will give you a chance to
consolidate what you have learned about giving orders in Latin.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIII.A Commands
Directions: Before you read Lectiō Prīma look line by line for all the verbs introducing
either ut / nē + subjunctive or an infinitive + subject accusative. We have helped you by
marking them in bold. Make a list of all these words and the commands or requests they
introduce. Then try to translate the phrase you wrote. We have done the first one for you.
Line 5-6 imperō ut expergīscātur et aquam arcessat
I command that he/she wake up and get water
699

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Consilia Nova
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Posterō diē Valeria in tabernā suā experrecta est et longē hiāvit quārē
nōn bene in pavīmentō sine lēctō dormīverat. Praetereā per totam noctem
vigilāns iacēbat cogitāns dē futūrīs. Nunc, sōle
oriente, consilium cēperat et adventum Aeliī
exspectābat.
Liciniae appropinquat et fīliam pede leniter
fodicans, eī imperat ut expergīscātur et aquam
arcessat.
“Ego,” inquit “exibō ut panem emam.
Licinia, tē orō ut ignem accendās. Cavē nē diūtius
dormiās! Et, cum Aelius adveniet, iubē eum hīc manēre donec redībō.”
Sērius, Aeliō adveniente et ienctāculō confectō, familia dē futūrīs
cogitābat dum Licinia, ut semper, īnfantem nūtrit. Valeria, “Quamdiū,”
inquit, “in tabernā aut in officīnā habitāre possumus Aliud domicilium
nōbīs inveniendum est.”
Aelius “Rēs,” inquit, “gravior est quam opināris. Officīna igne
graviter laesa et lāpsūra stat et Hephaestus servus meus fūmō necātus est.
Proximā superiōre nocte in officīnā dormīvī ut īnstrūmenta custodīrem.
Hodiē Flaviam et Plōtiam illīc manēre et omnia custōdīre iussī. Vetuī eās
officīnam dēserere hodiē. Sed mox mihi officīna in spatium tūtius movenda
est. Quid faciāmus”
Valeria: “Omnēs mē audīte! Nōlīte dēspērāre! Spēm habētōte! Rēs
nōn tōta perdīta est. Habēmus adhūc tabernam et aliquid pecuniae quam hūc
dē īnsulā tulī. Praetereā, Aelī, mementō nostrae dominae dīvitis. Mementō
herī uxorem M. Serviliī Severī ad tabernam advēnissse et speculum ā tē
fabricātum vīdisse et diū admirātam esse. Plūrēs talēs rēs–sed argenteās!–
dēsīderābat. Cum eī dixī nōs nullum argentum ēmere posse, illa hortāta est
ut tū ad marītum eius advenīres et cliēns eius fieres. Sī cliēns eius fiēs
pecūniam habēbis ad officīnam novam condendam et ad argentum
emendum–postea mox faber argentārius eris! Nunc tibi persuādēre ut ad
Servīlium adveniās vōlō. Moneō nē occāsiōnem optimam abīre sinās. Estō
bonae spēī! Fortūna fortēs iuvat!”
Aelius, “Certe,” respondet, “hoc facere vēlim, sed togam nōn habeō et
credō cliēntem togātum ad salūtātiōnem adīre debēre. Nōn autem hodiē aut
crās īre possum, corpus Hephaestī ad libitīnārium trādendum est. Praetereā,
māne audīvī dē morte patris illius Servīliī.”
Licinia, quae nunc pannōs īnfantis mūtat, “Marīte,” inquit, “togam ā
fullōne in diem condūcere potes. Abī nunc ut togam ab eō postulēs.”
700
GEMMA
sōle oriente = “when the sun
was rising.” Since the sun rises
in the East, the Latin participle
led to the English “Orient,” a
traditional name for the “East.”
sōle occidente = “when the sun
was setting.” So “Occident”
means “the West” in English.

40
CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
Aelius ad fullōnicam festīnāvit et postulāvit ut fullō eī togam in diem
locāret. Pecūniā acceptā, fullō, strenuē Aeliō imperāns nē togam amitteret
aut eam laederet, vestem trādidit.
Verba Ūtenda
accendō, accendere, accendī,
accensum light, burn
argenteus, -a, -um silver, of
silver
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum
take care, beware
condō, condere, condidī,
conditum build, found
condūcō, condūcere, condūxī,
conductum rent
dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī,
dēsertum desert, abandon
dēspērō (1) despair (of)
dēsīderō (1) wish for
domicilium, -iī n. home
fodicō (1) nudge, prod
fortūna, -ae f. luck, chance,
fortune
fullō, -ōnis m. dry cleaner
fullōnica, -ae f. dry cleaner
shop
fūmus, -ī m. smoke
hiō (1) yawn
hortor, hortārī, hotātus sum
urge
hūc here, to this place
lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum fall
down
laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum
hurt, damage
libitīnārius, -ī m. undertaker
locō (1) contract for, rent
moneō, monēre, monuī,
monitum warn, advise
mūtō (1) alter, change
nūtriō, nūtrīre, nūtrīvī / nūtriī,
nūtrītum nourish, nurse
occāsiō, -iōnis f. opportunity
officīna, -ae f. workshop
orior, orīrī, ortus sum rise,
get up, be born
ōrō (1) pray
pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment
pavīmentum, -ī n. floor,
pavement
perdītus, -a, -um ruined, lost
persuādeō, persuādēre,
persuāsī, persuāsum + dat.
persuade
posterus, -a, -um following,
next
postulō (1) ask for, beg,
demand, require, request
praetereā besides, moreover
quamdiū how long
sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī, situm
allow, permit
sōl, sōlis m. sun; day
spēs, spēī, f. hope, expectation
toga, -ae f. toga
togātus, -a, -um dressed in a
toga
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum
hand down, entrust, deliver
vestis, vestis f. clothing
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum
forbid, prohibit
vigilō (1) stay awake, watch
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. Why did Valeria not sleep well
2. How do Valeria’s actions this morning indicate that she is the dominant member
of her family
3. Why does Aelius say the situation is worse that Valeria and Licinia imagine
4. What hope does Valeria offer to improve the family’s circumstances
5. What reasons keep Aelius from visiting Servilius today
6. What is Licinia doing while talking to her husband and mother
7. Where can Aelius find a toga
701

DISCE LĀTINAM!
GRAMMATICA A
Commands
Infinitive + Accusative
Think back to the way indirect statements work in English and in Latin. You will
remember the Latin formula for an indirect statement:
Head Verb + infinitive with subject accusative.
Direct Statement: Sedēs. You sit.
Indirect Statement: Tē sedēre sciō. I know (that) you sit.
Certain Latin “head verbs” expressing commands work the same way. These include
iubeō (“I order”) and vetō (“I forbid”):
Imperative: Sedē! Sit!
With iubeō: Tē sedēre iubeō. I order you to sit.
With vetō: Tē sedēre vetō. I forbid you to sit.
Ut/nē + subjunctive. Indirect Command
Other verbs of commanding or ordering take a subjunctive construction which
works almost exactly like a Latin purpose clause. Compare the following:
Direct Statement: Sedēs. You sit.”
Purpose Clause: Sedem inveniam ut sedeās. I will find a seat so that you can sit.”
Direct Command: Sedē Sit!
Indirect Command: Imperō ut sedeās. I order you to sit.
Imperō nē sedeās. I order you not to sit.
Notice how the purpose clause and the indirect command look identical in form:
ut + subjunctive
but they are different in function. A purpose clause answers the question “why”:
Why do I find a chair
So that you can sit.
while an indirect command (iussive noun clause) answers the question “What”:
What do I order
I order you to sit.
Negative purpose clauses and negative Indirect Commands also usually look alike:
702

CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
Sedem removēam nē sedeās.
Imperō nē sedeās.
The rules for sequence of tenses also apply to iussive noun clauses:
Imperō ut sedēas. present command → ut + present subjunctive
I order you to sit.
Imperāvī ut sedērēs. past command → ut + imperfect subjunctive
I ordered you to sit.
Here is a list of verbs which express commands (urges, requests, etc.) with infinitives or
subjunctives:
Verbs of Commanding, Ordering, Urging, Etc.
Objective Infinitive
infinitive with subject accusative
Iussive Noun Clause
ut + subjunctive
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum order
mālō, mālle, māluī prefer, rather
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī wish not
sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī, situm allow, permit
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum forbid, prohibit
hortor, hortārī, hotātus sum urge
imperō (1) + dat. command
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum warn,
advise
ōrō (1) pray
volō, velle, voluī wish
persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī,
persuāsum + dat. persuade
petō, petere, petīvī / petiī, petītum seek to,
ask for, beg
postulō (1) demand, require, request
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvi / quaesiī,
quaesītum seek, request to
rogō (1) ask to
All of these verbs are already verba discenda or become verba discenda in this chapter.
The Future Imperative
All imperatives technically refer to the present or immediate future time. If
someone tells you to stand up, they mean to have you do it after they have spoken. But
Latin has a special imperative that stresses the future nature of the act (e.g. with the word
cras) or which stresses that the action is one that should keep on going. For example,
when a mother tells her children “Be good!” as they go off for a visit, she does not mean
“just once.”
The endings for this future imperative are:
703

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Future Imperative
Person
Active
Singular
Plural
2nd -tō -tōte
Future Imperative of sum
Person
Active
Singular
Plural
2nd Estō estōtē
Notā Bene:
• A handful of verbs regularly use the future imperative over the regular forms:
Mementō meī!
Habētōte spēm!
Scītō parentēs tē amāre!
Estōte bonī!
• There is a 3 rd person future imperative but it is rather rare.
• The negative of the future imperative is nē; e.g. nē estōte malī! “Don’t be bad.
Don’t misbehave!”
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIII.B Commands
Directions: Use the chart of Verbs of Commanding, Ordering, Urging, Etc. in Chapter 33
to decide whether each of the following verbs is likely to be followed by an infinitive
with subject accusative or ut + subjunctive. Then complete the sentence in Latin, telling
the “you” addressed (either singular or plural) to “guard everything.”
infinitive with subject accusative: vōs omnia custōdīre
ut + subjunctive:
ut omnia custōdiātis
We have done the first two for you:
1. iubeō (vōs)
Iubeō vōs omnia custōdīre “I order you to guard everything.”
2. imperō (tū)
Imperō tibi ut omnia custōdiās “I command you to guard everything.”
3. persuādeō (vōs)
4. vetō (tū)
5. moneō (vōs)
6. ōrō (tū)
7. rogō (vōs)
8. sinō (tū)
9. volō (vōs)
10. petō (tū)
11. hortor (vōs)
12. mālō (tū)
704

CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
FUNERALS IN ROME
Funeral rites in ancient Rome varied every bit as much as they do today. The
city’s poor received hasty nighttime burials, and the poorest or most despised were often
simply dumped into public pits outside of the city gate on the Esquiline Hill. Such a
common burial, or fūnus plēbēium, went on all the time and probably evoked little notice
amid the busy Roman streets. But when a former senator passed away, and when that
senator was of a politically ambitious
family, a more public display was called for
and Servilius, as much as he loved his
father, understood the political leverage a
lavish public funeral could bring. Thus we
hear about the funeral procession (pompa
fūnebris) through town and the public
funeral oration given in the Forum. First, the
grandfather’s body would lie in state at
home for a few days, surrounded by flowers,
lamps and the masks of his ancestors, but,
lacking true embalming, there was a limit to
such niceties. Bodies were both interred and
cremated. After cremation the ashes would
probably be interred in a family tomb located
outside the city walls.
You will hear about the imaginēs maiōrum in this reading. These are the death
masks of ancestors that adorned the walls of the atriums of noble Roman houses. This
tribute to one’s ancestors demonstrated the importance of family among the patricians at
all times, but especially at a time of death.
Cum: The Conjunction
Via Appia Hodiē
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bkh/epi-
You have seen “cum the preposition” (+ abl. meaning “with”) used very
frequently in previous readings. In this lectiō you are introduced to another cum, a
conjunction meaning “when, whenever.” These two look-alikes are easy to distinguish: If
the cum is not immediately preceded or followed by an ablative, suspect cum the
conjunction instead of the preposition. Cum the conjunction appears in Lectiō Secunda
along with several other conjunctions which deal with time:
dum
antequam
postquam
ubi
ut
while, as long as
before
after
when
as
705

DISCE LĀTINAM!
simul ac
priusquam
at the same time as, as soon as
before
All of these conjunctions introduce indicative temporal clauses. Watch for them in
Lēctīo Secunda marked in bold along with the indicative verbs which they introduce.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIII.C Cum the Preposition vs. Cum the Conjunction
Directions: Indicate whether the cum in each of the following sentences is a preposition
or a conjunction. Then translate the sentence. Hint: Look for an ablative with cum the
preposition. We have done the first one for you.
1. Cum avus mortuus est, fēminae flent.
Conjunction: When the grandfather dies, the women weep.
2. Fēminae flent magnā cum clāmōre.
3. Servīlia et mater flent cum servīs.
4. Canēs cum fēlibus ululant.
5. Fēlēs cum sīmiīs currunt.
6. Sīmiae cum celeritāte currunt.
7. Cum sīmiae currunt, puerī rident.
8. Sīmiae mēcum currunt.
Fūnera
5
Cum Marcus Servilius Avus mortuus est, tōta familia–līberī atque
servī–plorāvērunt. Corpus senis in terrā positum est et Servīlius, nōmen
patris vocāns, magnā cum dolore oculōs parentis carī clausit. Fēminae
domūs, quārum hoc opus est, corpus lavērunt, et, dum ululant, libitīnārius
nummum sub linguā senis posuit ut umbra senis pecūniam Charōnī, flūminis
706

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
Stygis transeundī causā, dare posset.
Tunc corpus, togā praetextā vestītum, in
atriō ubi imāginēs maiōrum in murō
erant, positum est. In illō locō,
māioribus intuentibus, corpus avī in
lectō fūnebrī iacuit.
Priusquam corpus combūstum
est et cinerēs in sepulcrō positī sunt,
multa agenda erant. Servīlius libitīnāriō
imperāvit ut, trēs post diēs, fūnus ageret
et eum orāvit nē pecūniae parceret.
Charōn
“Fūnus,” inquit, “optimum patrī meō
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/Im
necessārium est. Orō tē ut fūnus
sēnatōrī idōneum agās et rogō ut semper omnēs Rōmanī dē hōc fūnere
loquantur!”
Simul ac Servīlius abiit, libitīnārius servīs imperāvit ut rāmus
cupressī in foribus domī ponātur et rogāvit ut tībīcinēs, cornicinēs, et
praeficae invenīrentur. Fēcit ut per viās Rōmae nuntius clamāret, “Ollus
Servīlius Quirīs lētō datus est! Ollus Servīlius lētō datus est!”
Tālibus factīs Servīlius, nunc togam pullam gerēns, ad sē fīlium
Marcum vocāvit. “Fīlī,” inquit, “nomen
GEMMA
Servīliōrum tibi tuendum est. Cum pompa Ollus Servīlius Quirīs lētō datus est!”
fūnebris fīet, rogō ut tū in Forō oratiōnem An archaic and traditional formula for
such occasions. Ollus = ille Quiris =
fūnebrem habeās. Fac ut dē omnibus avī cārī “citizen” and lētō = “to death.”
honōribus dīcas et familiam laudēs.”
In aliā urbis partē fūnera alia fīēbant. Cum pauperēs moriuntur,
Rōmānī nullam pompam, nullōs tībīcinēs aut praeficās habent. Tālia dīvitum
sunt. Proximā diē, postquam incendium exstīnctum est, plaustrum
sordidum, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediēbātur. Cum
plaustrum ad īnsulam combustam vēnit, servī mortuōs, inter quōs erat
Mendāx, in plaustrō deposuērunt. Aelius, corpus Hephaestī ferēns, ad
plaustrum advēnit et nummō sub linguā servī fidēlis positō, cadāver in
plaustrum posuit “Valē!” inquit, “Valē, serve fidēlis! Dormitō bene. Orō ut
dī tē benignē recipiant!”
Plaustrum ad collem Esquilīnum progrēdiebatur et per Portam
Esquilīnam ad Campōs Esquilīnōs iter fēcit. Paulō post, ubi plaustrum
cōnstitit, cadāvera in puteō ā servīs iacta sunt. Hīc, in perpetuum, nūllīs
plōrantibus, Mendāx Hephaestusque tandem dormient.
707

Verba Ūtenda
ac and, and besides
atrium, -iī n. atrium, public
greeting room of a
Roman house
cadāver, cadāveris n. dead
body, corpse
campus, -ī m. field
Charōn, Charōnīs m. Charon,
the ferryman of the
Underworld
cinis, cineris m. ashes
claudō, claudere, clausī,
clausum shut, close
cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī,
cōnstitum stop, halt
cornicen, -cinis m. horn
blower
cupressus, -ī f. cypress tree
dī nom. pl. gods = deī
dolor, dolōris m. pain, grief
Esquilīnus, -a, -um Esquiline,
one of the seven hills of
Rome
exstinguō, exstinguere
exstīnxī, exstīnctum
quench, extinguish
līberī, -ōrum m. pl. children
fidēlis, -e faithful, trustworthy
flūmen, -inis n. river
foris, foris f. door, gate
fūnebris, -e funereal
fūnus, fūneris n. burial, funeral
imāgō, imāginis f. image,
likeness
lētum, -ī n. death
libitīnārius, -iī m. undertaker
lingua, -ae f. tongue, speech
mortuus, -a, -um dead
mūla, -ae f. mule
necessārius, -a, -um necessary,
indispensable
nuntius, -iī n. messenger, news
Ollus Archaic form of ille. That
(man)
orātiōnem habēre give / deliver
a speech
ōrō (1) pray
perpetuus, -a, -um
uninterrupted
plaustrum, -ī n. cart, wagon
plōrō (1) weep, cry
pompa, -ae f. ceremonial
procession
praefica, -ae f. hired female
mourner
praetextus, -a, um bordered.
toga praetexta a toga
bordered with a purple
stripe
pullus, -a, -um dingy, somber.
Toga pulla a dark grey toga
worn in mourning
puteus, -ī m. pit
Quirīs, Quirītis m. Archaic
form of civis. citizen
rāmus, -ī m. branch
sepulcrum, -ī n. tomb
Styx, Stygis f. river Styx, river
bordering the Underworld
tībīcen, -cinis m. piper
toga, -ae f. toga. See
praetextus and pulla.
ululō (1) wail, weep
umbra, -ae f. shade, soul
vestiō, vestīre, vestīvī / vestīī,
vestītum dress, clothe
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. What is the duty of each of the following after avus Servilius dies His son The
women of the household The libitīnārius (undertaker)
2. What instructions does the younger Servilius (the son) give the libitīnārius What
instructions does he give his son
3. What motivations do you think Servilius has for giving his father an extravagant
funeral
4. How does this funeral compare to modern funeral practices in the United States
5. Describe how the bodies of Mendax and Hephaestus are disposed of
6. How does Aelius show his affection for his deceased slave
GRAMMATICA B
Indicative Temporal Clauses
This little grammar section serves only to remind you of things you have already
seen. Later you will learn how to translate cum and dum with the subjunctive. For now,
here is a chart to help you translate indicative temporal clauses:

CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
Cum Temporal + indicative any tense,
although perfect
and present are
most common
Cum
Conditional or
Frequentive
Describes the actual
time something
occurred
+ indicative any tense Describes the
situation
Dum + indicative present Describes
simultaneous action
Postquam, ubi, + indicative usually perfect Tells the time when
ut, simul ac
(indicative) something happened
Antequam, + indicative present, perfect “Before” action
priusquam
or future perfect
when
whenever
while
before
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIII.D Indicative Temporal Clauses
Directions: All of the temporal conjunctions and the verbs they are marked in bold
introduce in Lectiō Secunda. Make a list line by line of these conjunctions and verbs and
translate them into English. We have done the first one for you.
Line Connunction Verb Translation
1 cum mortuus est when he died
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Vestis Virum Facit
Aelius’ need for a toga before he can pay a call on Sevilius illustrates the importance of
proper dress in Roman society, where only a male Roman citizen could wear a toga.
Since a Roman male who was not in the army could be called togātus (i.e..
wearing a toga), this garment became a symbol of peace. So in In Pisōnem 30 Cicero says
cedant arma togae
i.e., let the military give way to civilian life, war to peace. (Cedant arma togae is, today,
the motto of the State of Wyoming.)
The toga was also considered a peculiarly Roman garment, one which
distinguished Romans from other peoples. Vergil, in fact, proudly describes Romans in
this way at Aeneid I.232:
Rōmānōs, rērum dominōs, gentemque togātam
In his Nātūrālēs Historiae (VII.30,117) Pliny the Elder uses the toga to describe
Cicero as a man of peace, as a man who received a triumph in peacetime, as he praised
709

DISCE LĀTINAM!
the great statesman in the following passage: All the words marked in bold
nominatives or vocatives addressed to Cicero:
are
Salve, prīmus omnium parēns patriae appellāte, prīmus in togā triumphum
linguaeque lauream merite, et fācundiae Latiārumque litterārum pārens aequē (ut
dictātor Caesar, hostis quondam tuus, dē tē scrīpsit
The poet Martial (II.90) addressed the famed grammarian Quintilian by using the
toga as the garment of a great public speaker: ii. 90. Again all the words in bold are
vocatives, this time addressed to Quintilian.
Quintiliāne, summe moderātor
iuuentae uagae, glōria Rōmānae togae
And in I. 55 Martial uses toga as a garment of peace as he
speaks to his friend Fronto and tells him his prayer for a
simple life. Note how Martial speaks of himself in the
third person and refers to himself as Marcus.
Ō Fronto, decus clārum mīlitiae togaeque,
sī breviter vōtum tuī Marcī cognoscere vis,
hoc petit, esse suī nōn magnī ruris arātor,
et otia sordida in parvīs rebus amat.
Much later this concept is summed up in saying
#III i 60 in the Adagia (Adages) of Desiderius Erasmus
(1466-1536), a Dutch humanist:
Vestis virum facit.
This adage is still heard in its English translation today.
For more of Erasmus’ adages, see the exercises.
Erasmus
http://www.studiolum.com/img/eras
Verba Ūtenda
appellō (1) address
arātor, -ōris m. plougher,
farmer
decus, decoris n. glory
dictātor, -ōris m. dictator
fācundia, -ae f. eloquence
imperium, -iī n. command,
order, rule, empire,
supreme command
iuventa, -ae f. youth
Latius, -a, um = Latinus, -a, -
um
laurea, -ae f. laurel wreath
lingua, -ae f. language, speech
litterae, -ārum f. pl. letters,
literature
meritus, -a, -um deserved
moderātor, -ōris m. master,
governor, one who holds
something in check
prōmoveō, prōmovēre, prōmōvī,
prōmōtum move forward,
advance
quondam once, formerly
terminus, -ī m. boundary
togātus, -a, -um wearing a toga
triumphus, -ī m. triumphal
procession
ut as
vagus, -a, -um wandering,
scattered
vōtum, -ī n. prayer
710

CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Vestīmenta Rōmāna
The Romans were very dress conscious. Indeed, it was usually easy to determine
the status and power of a Roman by the kind of clothing he or she wore. The basic
garment for both men and women of all ranks and classes was a tunic (tunica, -ae f.)
consisting of two rectangular pieces of cloth sewn together. Men wore tunics down to the
knee. Women’s tunics were longer.
Even these tunics sometimes indicated rank or honor. For example, a wide purple
stripe (clāvus, -ī m.) on a tunic indicated that the wearer was a senator while a narrower
stripe, that the wearer was equestrian. A victorious general celebrating a triumph would
wear a tunica palmāta, i.e, a tunic embroidered with palm leaves.
The toga (toga, -ae f.), consisting of
a broad half oval of woolen cloth (with one
straight edge), was worn only by male
Roman citizens. Originally the toga was
worn over a naked body but by classical
times it was usually worn over a tunic. A
toga was not everyday attire. It was worn
only on formal occasions. Its design was
such that it limited the mobility of the
wearer. For this reason it was usually
considered by Romans to be a garment of
peace rather than war. There were even
different kinds of togas. Young boys and
certain public officials wore a toga
praetexta, which had a purple stripe at its
edge. In a special ceremony at the age of
Āra Pacis Augustae
http://www.moyak.com/researcher/resume/papers/p
sixteen a Roman boy put on an unstriped, off-white toga cīvīlis (also called toga virīlis or
toga pūra) and entered the world of adult manhood. When running for office, a Roman
would wear a special whitened toga called the toga candida (“white toga”) from which
the English word “candidate” is derived. Finally, a Roman male mourning the loss of a
family member would wear a dark-colored toga called the toga pulla (“dingy toga”).
Notice how Servilius puts one of these on in Lectiō Secunda.
On their marriage day Roman women would begin wearing a stola, a long
rectangular cloak considered the female equivalent of a toga.
The procession of members of the Augustan family depicted in the Ara Pacis
Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) is important evidence for Roman clothing customs
and their social significance.
This is why Aelius is reluctant to visit Servilius without a toga. This garment is a
mark of Aelius’ status as a Roman citizen, but it is expensive enough that he does not
own one.
711

DISCE LĀTINAM!
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Vested in English
English has borrowed the Latin word for clothing (vestis, vestis f.) in a variety of
words, including the following
divest
invest
investment
investiture
vest
vestee
vestiary
vestibule
vestment
vestry
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Via Appia
The Via Appia is the main road from Rome south down to Naples and east to Brindisium
on the Adriatic. It was the first major road built by the Romans. Its construction began
under the censor Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 B.C. The modern Via Appia runs
parallel to the ancient road, which still exists. For hygienic and cultural reasons burials
inside the city walls were discouraged in Roman cities. For this reason, many tombs were
located just outside the walls of Roman cities. Wealthy families chose locations for their
tombs where travelers into and out of the city would see them. Many such tombs were
built along the Via Appia, where they can still be seen today. You should imagine the
tomb of the Servīliī to be located here.
One of the largest tombs along the Via Appia is the Tomb of Caecilia Metella,
perhaps an ancestor of Servilius’ wife. This Caecilia was daughter of Quintus Caecilius
Metellus Creticus and the daughter-in-law of the triumvir Crassus. She died c.80 B.C.
http://www.turislazio.it/var/turismo/storage/images/la_storia/le_vie_consolari/via_appia/48682-6-ita-
712

IT/via_appia.jpg
CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
Sepulcrum Caeciliae Metellae
http://www.lamp.ac.uk/noy/caecilia.gif
Sepulcrum Familiae Rabiriānae in Viā Appiā
http://www.romeartlover.it/Appia2d.jpg
QUID PUTĀS
1. Do you agree or disagree with Erasmus’ adage vestis virum facit. To what extent
is this true today By what classes or ages of people does it seem to be most
believed
2. Can you think of ways that clothing serves the same symbolic value in American
society as the toga did in the Roman world. What would the American equivalent
of a toga be
3. How do Roman attitudes towards clothing compare to modern American ones
Are there any kinds of clothes which indicate a person’s rank or profession today
To what extent can the wealth and status of Americans be indicated by the clothes
they wear
4. Compare tombs on the Appian Way with modern American cemeteries. Compare
the style and the location of monuments.
5. The English words “vestment” and “investment” suggest a parallel between
clothing and financial or personal interest in something. Can you explain how an
“investment” is like a piece of clothing
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIII.E SCRĪBĀMUS
Directions: Retell these events in the present instead of the past. In order to do this, you
need to change all the verbs marked in boldttu to the present tense. We have started the
process for you.
Plaustra sordida, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediēbāntur.
Cum plaustrum ad īnsulam combustam vēnit, servī mortuōs, inter quōs erat
Mendāx, in plaustrō deposuērunt. Aelius quoque corpus Hephaestī ferēns ad
plaustrum advēnit et nummō sub linguā servī fidēlis positō, cadāver in plaustrum
posuit.
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
Plaustrum ad collem Esquilīnum progrēdiebātur et per Portam
Esquilīnam ad Campōs Esquilīnōs iter fēcit. Paulō post, ubi plaustrum cōnstitit,
cadāvera in puteō ā servīs iacta sunt.
Plaustra sordida, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediuntur.
XXXIII.E COLLOQUĀMUR
Directions: Use the verb induō, induere, induī, indūtum (“put on”) and the clothing
vocabulary in the MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS to describe Roman clothing to a classmate. Here
is a sample sentence to get you started:
Et virī Rōmānī et fēminae Rōmānae tunicās induērunt sed virī solī togās
induērunt.
Verba Discenda
ac and, and besides
atrium, -iī n. atrium,
public greeting room
of a Roman house
campus, -ī m. field
caveō, cavēre, cāvī,
cautum take care,
beware
fidēlis, -e faithful,
trustworthy
flūmen, -inis n. river
fortūna, -ae f. luck,
chance, fortune
hortor, hortārī, hotātus
sum urge
līberī, -ōrum m. pl.
children
lingua, -ae f. tongue,
speech
moneō, monēre, monuī,
monitum warn, advise
nuntius, -iī m. messenger,
news
orior, orīrī, ortus sum rise,
get up, be born
ōrō (1) pray
persuādeō, persuādēre,
persuāsī, persuāsum +
dat. persuade
postulō (1) ask for, beg,
demand, require,
request
sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī,
situm allow, permit
sōl, sōlis m. sun; day
spēs, spēī, f. hope,
expectation
toga, -ae f. toga
togātus, -a, -um dressed
in a toga
trādō, trādere, trādidī,
trāditum hand down,
entrust, deliver
vestiō, vestīre, vestīvī /
vestiī, vestītum dress,
clothe
vestis, vestis f. garments
clothing
vetō, vetāre, vetuī,
vetitum forbid,
prohibit
XXXIII.E VerbA Discenda Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the verbum discendum which represents something the opposite of
each of the following definitions. We have done the first one for you.
_____b____ 1. senior citizens: a.) lingua b.) līberī c.) sōl d.) atrium
__________ 2. vacillate: a.) cōnstituō b.) sinō c.) trādō d.) moneō
__________ 3. not want: a.) orior b.) caveō c.) ōrō d.) moneō
__________ 4. one who gets a message: a.) atrium b.) sōl c.) flūmen d.) nūntius
__________ 5. let one do as one pleases: a.) moneō b.) caveō c.) orior d.) sinō
__________ 6. hold onto: a.) tradō b.) vetō c.) persuādeō d.) sinō
__________ 7. ask politely: a.) moneō b.) postulō c.) caveo d.) orior
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CAPUT XXXIII
Post Mortem
__________ 8. despair: a.) flūmen b.) spēs c.) nuntius d.) vestis
__________ 9. rush in: a.) caveō b.) sinō c.) postulō d.) trādō
__________11. allow : a.) caveō b.) vetō c.) moneō d.) sinō
__________12. forbid: a.) caveō b.) vetō c.) moneō d.) sinō
__________13. city block: a.) flūmen b.) campus c.) lingua d.) spēs
__________14. untrustworthy: a.) atrium b.) orō c.) fidēlis d.) fortūna
__________15. sink: a.) ōrō b.) orior c.) sinō d.) vetō
__________16. dissuade: a.) orior b.) ōrō c.) hortor d.) cōnstituō
__________17. desert: a.) lingua b.) flūmen c.) atrium d.) fidēlis
__________19. except for: a.) ōrō b.) ac c.) spēs d.) trādō
__________20. moon: a.) sōl b.) lingua c.) campus d.) atrium
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Command Performances
Perhaps you are still wondering why Latin has a future imperative when English
does not. The future imperative (sometimes called the second imperative) is used in Latin
to refer to commands which are general rules or permanent laws. For example,
• Salūs populī suprēma lēx estō. “Let the welfare of the people be the supreme
law.” This precept, the motto of the state of Missouri, is based upon the following
quote from Cicero's Dē Lēgibus (book III, part III, sub. VIII), Ollis salūs populī
suprēma lēx estō. (Note how Cicero modifies salūs with the archaic demonstrative
ollis (= illa) which you saw in the traditional formula used to announce the death
of Servilius Avus in Lectiō Secunda.)
• Boreā flante, nē arātō sēmen nē iacitō (“When the north wind is blowing, do not
plough or sow seed.” from Pliny’s Historiae Nātūrālēs (xviii.334)
Latin also uses a future imperative with words or phrases which refer to some
point in the (distant) future; for example, with crās: crās labōrātō; or with a temporal
clause clearly indicating future time, especially with the future perfect tense: Cum bene
dormīveris, labōrātō. (“When you will have slept well, work.”)
Latin, like English, uses a number of adverbs to strengthen the force of a
command. Here are some examples:
modo (“only”)
statim (“at once”)
proinde (“well, then”)
sānē (“certainly”)
Modo manē! (“Only wait!”)
Ī statim! (“Go at once!”)
Proinde curre! (“Then run!”)
Sānē sequere! (“Certainly follow!”)
Note also the enclitic dum, used in classical Latin only with age or agite as in agedum or
agitedum to mean “Come, then!”
Latin and English can both accompany imperatives, for the sake of politeness,
with words like amābō (“please), obsecrō (“I beg”), quaesō (“I ask”) and sīs (“if you
wish”, from sī vīs). Mē manē, amābō! “Wait for me, please!”
The imperative expressions fac ut, cūrā ut, cavē nē which you have already seen,
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
are actually examples of imperative periphrasis or circumlocution; i.e., they represent a
sort of round-about command: Instead of saying Nōlī tangere! (“Don’t touch!”), you can
beat around the bush, so to speak, and say Cavē nē tangās! (“Beware lest you touch!”).
When do you think such a periphrasis would be preferable to a direct command
And here are some other ways Latin (and English) can express commands:
• Sometimes a question can be an imperative: Nōn dīcis “You aren’t speaking”
(or “Aren’t you speaking”; (i.e, Dīc!)
• So can a simple future indicative: Dīcēs. “You will speak!”
Indirect commands, i.e., ut/ne + subjunctive are sometimes called Iussive noun clauses.
“Iussive” is derived from the PPP of iubeō.
LEGENDA
Erasmus, Desiderius, Adages. Translated by Margaret Mann Phillips. Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 1982.
Sebesta, Judith Lynn, and Larissa Bonfante, editors. The World of Roman Costume.
Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. 1994.
716

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
Aelius attends sālūtatiō/petitiō at the house of Servilius.
The city is filled with rumors of Tiberius’ victory in
Germany. Aelius pledges fealty and help in the election.
The new patron and client exchange gifts.
GRAMMATICA
Sequence of Tenses
Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctives, Active and Passive
Indirect Questions
Consolidation of Subjunctive Forms
Consolidation of Interrogative Words
Dum “until”
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Martialis Cliēns
Domus G. Luciī Secundī
https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/
www/c409/net_id/secundus/facade1.gif
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Commercium Rōmānum
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin Interrogatives in English
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Germānia
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Macron or No Macron
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
In this lectiō Aelius anxiously prepares to attend the sālūtatiō at the house of Servilius.
He puts on his rented toga and debates with his family about an appropriate gift to bring
Servilius. Once he reaches Servilius’ house, his anxiety continues as he worries about
following the appropriate procedure in greeting his prospective patron.
As you read about Aelius’s concerns, you will see a new tense of the subjunctive
(perfect) which indicates an action which occurs before the main verb. You will
especially see this tense used in indirect questions.

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Direct and Indirect Questions
A direct question is a sentence which seeks information. These are called
interrogative sentences in English and we mark them with question marks and with
interrogative words like “who,” “what,” “where,” “when,” and “why” You have
already seen interrogatives such as –ne, num, nonne, quis, quid, ubi, quandō, and cūr.
In English we change a direct question into an indirect one by putting a head verb
in front of the question. Compare the following direct and indirect questions in English.
How can Hermes catch the monkey
I know how Hermes can catch the monkey.
Now look at how these same sentences are expressed in Latin:
Quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potest
Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit.
Notice how both sentences use the interrogative cūr but differ in significant ways:
• The indirect question is introduced with a head verb (sciō).
• The verb expressing the question (potest) is put into the subjunctive mood
(possit).
Since the knowing is happening in the present and capturing the monkey is happening at
approximately the same time as or after the knowing, Latin uses the present subjunctive.
As you might expect from what you know already about purpose and result
clauses, the imperfect subjunctive is used if the knowing happened in the past:
Scīvit quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere posset.
I knew why Hermes was able to catch the monkey.
Here the imperfect subjunctive shows that the action of the indirect question happened (in
the past) at the same time or after the knowing.
Time Before
What if Hermes caught the monkey BEFORE I learned why In English we can
do this simply by changing the tense of the verb in the indirect question:
DIRECT:
INDIRECT:
How did Hermes catch the monkey
I know how Hermes (has) caught the monkey.
I knew how Hermes had caught the monkey.
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CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
Like English, Latin also changes the tense of the verb in the indirect question to indicate
time before the main verb. After primary sequence main verbs Latin uses the perfect
subjunctive to show time before. Here is how:
Quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potest
Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit. SAME TIME
Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potuerit. TIME BEFORE
I know how Hermes was able to catch the monkey.
Formula: So, in Latin an indirect question consists of:
Verb of the Head + question word + subjunctive
sciō + quōmodo + id faciās. (present subjunctive) SAME TIME
I know why you do that
sciō + quōmodo + id fēceris. (perfect subjunctive) TIME BEFORE
I know why you did that
The Perfect Subjunctive
How can you recognize these perfect subjunctive forms Here are some tips:
• The perfect active subjunctive = Perfect Stem + -erim, -eris, etc.
Examples: vocāverim, vocāveris, etc. I called
habuerim, habueris, etc.
I had
potuerim, potueris, etc.
I was able to
Notā bene: The Latin perfect indicative and perfect subjunctives are usually
translated into English in the same way:
vocāvīt and vocāverit = he/she/it (has) called
• The perfect passive subjunctive = P 3 + present subjunctive of sum. Thus:
vocātus, -a, -um sim
vocātus, -a, -um sīs
vocātus, -a, -um sit
vocātī, -ae, -a sīmus
vocātī, -ae, -a sītis
vocātī, -ae, -a sint
• The perfect subjunctive is used after primary tense indicative verbs to show time
before the main verb. Just adjust your English accordingly.
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIV.A Recognizing Indirect Questions
Directions: In each of the following sentences identify 1.) the head verb and its tense;
2.) the interrogative word; and 3.) the subjunctive in indirect question and its tense. Then
translate these words. You will see variations of these sentences in Lectiō Prīma. We
have done the first one for you.
1. Sciō auōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit.
2. Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potuerit.
3. Scīvit quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere posset.
4. Nēmō scit quandō ignis urbem dēstruit.
5. Nēmō scīvit quandō ignis urbem dēstrueret.
6. Nēmō scit quandō ignis urbe dēstrūxerit.
7. Omnēs sciunt quid imperātor agat.
8. Omnēs scīvērunt quid imperātor ageret.
Head Verb Tense Interrogative word Subjunctive Tense
1. sciō present quōmodo possit present
I know why he can
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
In Lectiō Prīma you will see a number of subjunctives marked in bold. Look for indirect
questions with each of these subjunctives.
Salūtātiō
5
Paucōs post diēs, ante ortum sōlis, Aelius surgit, et togam, quam ā
fullonē condūxit, induēns, sē praeparat ut salūtātiōnem apud Servīlium
faciat.
Valeria, “Aelī,” inquit, “scīsne quod dōnum Serviliō des”
Respondet: “Nesciō aut quid dem aut quid aliī clientēs Servīliō
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10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
dederint. Porrō post incendium pauca habeō. Neque sciō quid aut quōmodo
dīcam! Dīc mihi quid dīcere debeam et quid aliī antē mē dīxerint.”
Valeria “Nesciō,” inquit, “qualibus verbīs aliī usī sint sed hoc sciō–
urbānus estō! Plānē loquere et tota rēs bona erit.”
Aelius “Sed quid dē dōnō Incertus sum quale dōnum aliī obtulerint
aut quale offeram. Qualem opīniōnem tenēs”
Valeria respondet: “Incerta sum quod dōnum optimum sit et nesciō
qualia aut quanta tibi post ignem relicta sint. Meministīne ānulum quod
mihi ante duōs annōs dedistī Hoc patrōnō novō da et eī dīc tē alium
meliōrem ac argenteum fabricāre posse. Nunc, abī, et mementō–fortūna
fortēs iuvat!!”
Aelius sōlus per viās obscūrās
Subūrae ambulat facem in manū tenēns, et
ad domum Serviliī sōle oriente advenit.
Longam ōrdinem clientium pro foribus
domūs stantium videt et, sē in novissimō
ōrdine pōnēns, ūnum ē clientibus salūtat.
Aelius: “Salvē.”
Ille “Salvē,” inquit. “Faciēs tua mihi ignōta est. Dīc mihi, sī tibi
placeat, quid nōmen tibi sit. Nōmen mihi Tītus est et lībertus sum.”
Aelius “Salvē, Tīte!” inquit. “Nōmen mihi Aelius est. Cīvis sum–
faber. Officīnam in Subūrā habeō–aut, ut
vērius dīcam, habuī.”
Tītus: “Ah, cīvis es et ergō prō mē
in ōrdine stāre debēs. Nōlī timēre, sed sē in
medium ōrdinem movē!”
Aelius, sē movēns, iānitōrem
Servīliī appropinquantem videt. Iānitor,
togā Aeliī visā, eī dīcit: “Salvē, cīvis. Tē
nōn cognōvī. Dīc mihi cūr vēnerīs.”
Aelius ianitōrī dīcit quid Servīliī
uxor eī dīxerit et imperāverit.
Iānitor “Manē hīc” inquit, et per
forēs intrat.
Aelium, reditum iānitōris
GEMMA
in novissimō ōrdine / in mediō ōrdine
We would say “at the end of the line / in
the middle of the line.” Notice how
Latin uses novus (“new, recent”) rather
than “last.” Also where English uses an
“of” phrase, Latin uses an adjective.
Here is another example: in summō
mōnte (“at the top of the mountain”).
Domus Loreiī Tibutīnī
Note the benches outside the front door of
this house from Pompeii. Such benches were
especially useful as clients waited to visit
their patrons.
http://www.indiana.edu/~class2/c102/net_id/i
mages/L076.JPG
exspectantem, alius salūtat. “Nōvus es
Trepidus vidēris. Scīsne quōmodo nōs
omnēs cōtidie salūtātiōnem agāmus
Scīsne quid agendum sit”
Aelius “Nihil” inquit “sciō et ergo paulō trepidus sum. Dīc mihi vērē
721

DISCE LĀTINAM!
50
quōmodo vōs omnēs salūtatiōnem agātis.”
Ille: “Fac ut tranquillus sīs! Age sīcut agō. Sed, dīc mihi, audīvistīne
dē Tiberiō”
Aelius: “Nesciō. Quid audīvistī”
Ille: “Ut scīs, Tiberius in Germāniā est. Sed scīsne quot Germānōs
vīcerit Heri audīvimus, magnō proeliō factō, dūcēs Germānōrum sē Tiberiō
tradidisse. Omnēs in urbe……. sed ecce, forēs aperiunt.”
Verba Ūtenda
ac = atque and, and also, and
besides
ānulus, -ī m. ring
argenteus, -a, -um of silver,
silvery
condūcō, condūcere, condūxī,
conductum rent
fax, facis f. torch
foris, foris (forēs ,-um pl.) f.
door, gate. forīs out of
doors, outside; abroad
Germānia, -ae f. Germany
Germānus, -a, -um German
iānitor, -ōris m. doorman,
porter
ignōtus, -a, -um unknown
induō, induere, induī,
indūtum put on
lībertus, -ī m. freedman
fortūna, -ae f. fortune,
chance, luck; wealth,
prosperity
nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī /
nesciī, nescītum not know
obscūrus, -a, -um dark
officīna, -ae f. workshop
opīniō, -iōnis f. opinion,
belief; reputation
ordō, -inis m. row, line,
order; rank; class of
citizens
plānus, -a, -um plane, flat;
even; obvious. plānē
clearly
porrō and besides, further
praeparō (1) prepare
proelium, -iī n. battle
qualis, quale what kind of
what sort of
quot indeclin. how many
Tiberius, -iī m. Tiberius,
stepson, son-in-law and
successor of Augustus
trepidus, -a, -um alarmed,
anxious
urbānus, -a, -um polished,
refined; witty
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. In what ways does Aelius prepare himself on the morning of the salūtātiō How
would someone prepare himself today for a similar interview
2. What does Aelius hold in his hand while he walks through the streets Why
3. What does he find at Servilius’ house upon his arrival
4. Why does Titus let Aelius go in front of him
5. What news does Aelius hear while he is waiting Why might he and his family
especially interested in and concerned about this news
GRAMMATICA A
The Perfect Subjunctive
Before you read Lectiō Prīma you learned that the perfect active subjunctive is formed
by taking the Perfect Stem and adding the endings -erim, -eris, etc.
Examples: dūxerim, dūxeris, etc. I led
audīverim, audīveris, etc. I heard
fuerim, fuueris, etc.
I have been
voluerim, volueris, etc.
I wished
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CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
The perfect passive subjunctive is formed by taking the P 3 and using it with the present
subjunctive of sum. Thus:
ductus, -a, -um sim ductī, -ae, -a sīmus
ductus, -a, -um sīs ductī, -ae, -a sītis
ductus, -a, -um sit ductī, -ae, -a sint
Perfect subjunctives are formed regularly for all verbs.
Did you notice any similarities between perfect subjunctives and other verb forms
you have learned Compare the perfect active and passive subjunctives of capiō with the
future perfect active indicative and perfect passive indicative forms:
Perfect Active
Subjunctive
Future Perfect
Active Indicative
Perfect Passive
Subjunctive
Perfect Passive
Indicative
cēperim cēperō captus sim captus sum
cēperis cēperis captus sīs captus es
cēperit cēperit captus sit captus est
cēperimus cēperimus captī sīmus captī sumus
cēperitis cēperitis captī sītis captī estis
cēperint cēperint captī sint captī sunt
Notice that all the forms marked in bold are identical. Study these forms carefully and
note the differences between the words. But don’t panic. Remember that Latin perfect
subjunctives are accompanied by lots of other word clues to warn you of their presence
(in indirect questions, for example). And in the ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS to this
chapter you can read how some grammarians distinguish these forms.
Time Before the Main Verb
So far you have learned two tenses of the subjunctive–the present and the imperfect. And
you have learned that each one shows a time that is relatively close to the main verb of
the sentence–either same time as the main verb or time in the immediate future.
Purpose clause:
Ambulō ad amphitheatrum ut mūnera videam.
Ambulāvī ad amphiteatrum ut mūnera vidērem.
In each of these sentences the seeing is expected to happen immediately after the main
verb of walking. Consider the same relationship in a result clause:
Result Clause:
Socrātēs tam celer est ut Hermēs eum capere nōn possit.
Socrātēs tam celer erat ut Hermēs eum capere nōn posset.
Here too the result (not being able to catch the monkey) is seen as either existing at the
same time or shortly after the main verb of the sentence (“is” or “was”). In order to
express time before the main verb Latin makes use of two other tenses of the
subjunctive, not only the Perfect (introduced here) but also Pluperfect (introduced later in
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
this chapter). As you have seen these tenses are most often used in Indirect Questions.
In Latin, indirect questions are much like indirect statements, but they use
subjunctives instead of infinitives. Moreover, their structure allows the subjunctive to
express any sort of time relative to the main verb. Take these English examples, where
the Indirect Question is in italics.
I know what you are doing. (same time as or immediately after the main verb)
I know what you did last summer. (time before main verb)
I know what you are going to do next summer. (time after main verb)
Latin has subjunctive constructions to accommodate all these options, which are called
the sequence of tenses. See how the perfect subjunctive fits into this chart.
S
E
Q
U
E
N
C
E
P
R
I
M
A
R
Y
If the main verb (indicative) is….
Present
Future
Future Perfect
(Present Perfect)
(Imperative)
Use this subjunctive in clause to show time
1. Present shows same time
2. Perfect shows time before
3. shows time after
O
F
T
E
N
S
E
S
S
E
C
O
N
D
A
R
Y
Imperfect
Perfect (simple past)
Pluperfect
1. Imperfect shows same time
2. shows time before
3. shows time after
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIV.B Changing Perfect Active Indicatives to Perfect Active Subjunctives
Directions: Change each of the following perfect active indicative forms to subjunctive
without changing person and number. We have done the first one for you.
1. vocāvī → vōcāverim
2. vocāvērunt →
3. dūxēris →
4. audīvī →
5. cēpērunt →
6. fuistī →
7. monuimus →
724

8. fēcit →
9. dīxi →
10. vēnistis →
CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
In this lectiō Aelius meets Servilius, gives him his gift and becomes his client. As you
read about this meeting you will see the pluperfect subjunctive in use.
Using the Pluperfect Subjunctive
Like the perfect subjunctive, the pluperfect subjunctive shows time before the
main verb. It is only used after main verbs that in the secondary sequence. Consider
these English examples of indirect questions:
Primary Sequence
He knows what you are doing.
(IQ, present subjunctive, same time)
He knows what you did last summer.
(IQ, perfect subjunctive, time before)
Secondary Sequence
He knew what you were doing.
(IQ, imperfect subjunctive, same time)
He knew what you had done the previous summer.
(IQ, pluperfect subjunctive, time before)
Forming the Pluperfect Subjunctive
As with all the other subjunctive tenses, these forms follow a predictable pattern:
Active:
Perfect stem + -issem, -isses, -isset, etc.
vocāv- + -issem = vocāvissem “I had called”
habu- + -issem = habuissem “I had had”
fu- + -issem = fuissem “I had been”
The distinctive –iss- syllable makes this form easy to pick out.
Passive: P 3 + -essem, -essēs, -esset, etc
vocātus + -essem = vocātus essem “I had been called”
pollicitus + -essem = pollicitus essem “I had promised”
725

DISCE LĀTINAM!
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIV.C Pluperfect Subjunctive
Directions: Here is a list of the pluperfect subjunctive forms you will see marked in bold
in Lectiō Secunda. Identify the person, number, voice and first principal part of each
form. Then translate the word into English. We have done the first one for you.
Line Word Person Number Voice 1 st PP English Meaning
5 habuissētis 2 pl. active habeō you had
6 fēcissētis
7 advēnissent
8 cēpissent
9-10 mortuus esset
12 advenisset
20 fabricāvisses
33 prōmīsisset
34 pollicitus esset
Interrogative Words
As you read Lectio Secunda also look for interrogative words marked in bold italics. We
will review these words after you read.
Dum “until”
Earlier you learned that dum + indicative is translated as “while.” In this reading you will
see dum used with the indicative meaning “while” or the subjunctive meaning “until.” As
you read Lectiō Secunda look out for two uses of dum and decide whether you would
translate them as “while” or “until.” We will explain more about this after you read.
Patrōnus
5
10
Foribus aperientibus, Servīlius ōrdinem inspectāvit et clientēs suōs
salūtāvit, ūnī sportulam aliī nummōs dans. Dē morbō uxōris alicuius rogat,
dē negotiō aliōrum.
“Dīcite mihi,” inquit, “dē negotiō vestrō. Trepidus eram postquam
revēnistis et nemō mē certiōrem fēcit quot equōs ēmissētis et quantum lucrī
dē illīs equīs fēcissētis.”
Et alium interrogāvit quandō navēs ab Āfricā Ostiam advēnissent et
qualēs mercēs cēpissent. Nonullī clientēs dīxērunt sē mortis avī paenitere et
ūnus, haud venustus equēs, Servīlium rogāvit quā dē causā avus mortuus
esset.
Mox Servīlius Aeliō appropinquāvit et, manum eius tenēns, rogāvit
quā dē causā advenisset. Aelius, vocē tremente, “Domine,” inquit, “fortasse
726

15
20
25
30
35
CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
iam intellegis cūr adsim. Ante paucōs diēs uxor tua ad tabernam Valeriae,
socrūs meae, advēnit, et ab eā postulāvit ut hūc advenīrem. Audīvī dē morte
Servīliī avī et dum tempus idoneum esset, manēbam. Nōmen mihi Marcus
Aelius est et faber sum. Domina Servīlia pauca ex operibus meīs, quae in
tabernā Valeriae exposita erant, vīdit et ea illī placuērunt. Voluit me alia,
sed argentea, fabricāre, sed nōn potuī. Uxor tua mē ut ad salūtātiōnem tuam
advenīrem hortāta est et nunc adsum.”
Servīlius “Ita” inquit, “uxor mihi omnia haec narrāvit. Sed mihi nōn
dīxit cūr rēs argenteās nōn fabricāvisses.”
Aelius “Domine” inquit, “pauper sum et recenter incendium officīnam
meam et īnsulam in quā habitābāmus dēstrūxit. Paene omnia perdita sunt,
sed mēcum hunc ānulum tulī tibi dōnō.”
Servīlius, ānulum recipiēns, dīxit: “Aelī, nōn audīvī incendium
officinam tuam dēstrūxisse et uxor, tuam artem admirāns, mē imperāvit ut tē
et familiam adiuvārem. Praetereā ars tua manifesta est. Tibi patrōnō erō et
tū cliēns meus eris. Quid plūra Intrā et manē in atriō dum omnēs aliōs
salūtaverō. Mox omnia necessaria habēbis--argentum, novam officinam et
novam īnsulam in quā familia tua habitēt. Simul disserāmus quōmodo mihi
auxilium dare possis.”
Salūtatiōne confectā clientēs–aliī ad Forum aliī ad patrōnum alium—
abiērunt. Servīlius, revertēns intrā, multa cum Aeliō dē rēbus negotiī fabrī
disseruērunt. Antequam Aelius abiit, Servīlius et Aelius bene intellexērunt
quantum lucrī Aelius Servīliō prōmisisset et quantam pecūniam Servīlius
Aeliō pollicitus esset.
Servīlius Aeliō abeuntī dīxit: “Fac ut officīnam novam celeriter
inveniās, Aelī, et strēnuē laborā! Pecūnia mea quoque prō mē semper strēnuē
laborāre debet!”
727

Verba Ūtenda
Āfrica, -ae f. Africa, Roman
province in modern Tunisia
antequam before
ānulus, -ī m. ring
argenteus, -a, -um of silver,
silvery
cēpissent In reference to ships,
capiō means “contain, hold.”
dēstruō, dēstruere, dēstrūxī,
dēstrūctum destroy
disserō, disserere, disseruī,
dissertum discuss
dum until, while
equēs, equitis m. horseman,
knight; pl. cavalry; order of
knights
equus, -ī m. horse
expōnō, expōnere, exposuī,
expositum set out; exhibit
habitet Note subjunctive and
translate as “might live.”
interrogō (1) ask, question;
examine
lucrum, -ī n. profit
manifestus, -a, -um clear,
evident
merx, mercis f. a commodity;
(pl.) goods, merchandise
morbus. –ī m. illness,
sickness
navis, navis f. ship
necessarius, -a, -um
necessary
nummus, -ī m. coin, money
officīna, -ae f. workshop
ordō, -inis m. row, line,
order; rank; class of
citizens
Ostiam “to Ostia” (the port of
Rome)
perditus, -a, -um ruined, lost
praetereā besides, moreover
prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī,
prōmissum send forth;
promise
quā dē causā for what
reason why
qualis, quale what kind of
what sort of
Quid plūra “Why say more”
quot indeclin. how many
recenter recently
socrus, -ūs f. mother-in-law
sportula, -ae f. little basket;
gift of money or food from
patron to client
tibi dōnō Note the double
dative. “To you as a gift.”
tremō, tremere, tremuī
tremble
trepidus, -a, -um alarmed,
anxious
venustus, -a, -um charming,
attractive
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. What does Servilius do and say as he greets his clients
2. How does Aelius’ speech to Servilius suggest his deference to the great man and
his fear of failure
3. What part of Aelius’ story did Servilius need more details about
4. What evidence of Aelius’ craftsmanship does Servilius have and what is
Servilius’ opinion of Aelius’ work
5. What does Servilius offer Aelius
6. What motivation does Servilius express for helping Aelius
7. Compare the way the Romans conduct this business deal with modern American
practices.
GRAMMATICA B
Consolidation of Subjunctive Forms
With the addition of the pluperfect subjunctive forms, you now seen all four subjunctive
tenses. Here is the chart for dūcō. Pay particular attention to the pluperfect subjunctive
forms which were introduced in this chapter.

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
ACTIVE
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
dūcam
dūcerem
dūxerim
dūxissem
dūcās
dūcerēs
dūxeris
dūxissēs
dūcat
dūceret
dūxerit
dūxisset
dūcāmus
dūcerēmus dūxerimus dūxissēmus
dūcātis
dūcerētis
dūxeritis
dūxissētis
dūcant
dūcerent
dūxerint
dūxissent
dūcar
dūcāris
dūcātur
dūcāmur
dūcāminī
dūcantur
dūcerer
dūcerēris
dūcerētur
dūcerēmur
dūcerēminī
dūcerentur
PASSIVE
ductus sim
ductus sīs
ductus sit
ductī sīmus
ductī sītis
ductī sint
ductus essem
ductus essēs
ductus esset
ductī essēmus
ductī essētis
ductī essent
Notā bene:
• The vowel in the pluperfect active ending is always long in the 1 st person plural
and the 2nd person singular and plural.
• One easy way to remember how to make the imperfect and pluperfect active
subjunctives is to remember that both forms are spelled like infinitives plus
personal endings.
Imperfect Subjunctive = present active infinitive + personal endings
dūcerem = dūcere + m
Pluperfect Subjunctive = perfect active infinitive + personal endings
dūxissem = dūxisse + m
Building the Sequence of Tenses
The pluperfect subjunctive allows one more possibility in the sequence of tenses:
time before a main verb in secondary sequence. These four sentences illustrate the four
possibilities you have learned. Use the chart to determine what sort of time they indicate:
Rogant cūr adveniat.
Rogant cūr advenīret.
Rogāvērunt cūr advēnerit.
Rogāvērunt cūr advēnisset.
They ask why he is coming.
They ask why he came.
They asked why he came.
They asked why he had come.
Now see how the pluperfect subjunctive fits into the chart:
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
S
E
Q
U
E
N
C
E
P
R
I
M
A
R
Y
If the main verb (indicative) is….
Present
Future
Future Perfect
(Present Perfect)
(Imperative)
Use this subjunctive in clause to show time
1. Present shows same time
2. Perfect shows time before
3. shows time after
O
F
T
E
N
S
E
S
S
E
C
O
N
D
A
R
Y
Imperfect
Perfect (usual)
Pluperfect
1. Imperfect shows same time
2. Pluperfect shows time before
3. shows time after
Consolidation of Interrogative Words
At the beginning of this chapter we reminded you of interrogative words like quis,
quid, ubi, quandō and cūr (who, what, where, when and why). Here are several
other interrogatives you saw marked in bold italics in Lectiō Secunda:
quantus, -a, -um
qualis, quale
quā dē causā
quōmodo
quot
how much (X)
what kind of what sort of (XXXIV)
for what reason why (XXXIV)
how (XVII)
how many (XXXIV)
All of these words are now Verba Memoranda. Now go back to Lēctīo Prīma and see
how many of these words you can find.
Dum “until”
Earlier you learned that dum + indicative is translated as “while.” Dum can also be
translated as “until” and can be used with either the indicative or the subjunctive. When it
is used with the indicative, it is stating a fact that happened or will happen.
Manē hīc dum redibō. Wait here until I return.
When it is used with the subjunctive it is also translated as “until” but it indicates more
730

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
that the anticipated event is a possibility than a fact.
Manē hīc dum redeās.
Wait here until I should return.
Compare this use of dum in Lectiō Secunda:
....dum tempus idoneum esset, manēbam (line 15)
This dum used with a subjunctive and states more of a potential than a fact --- “I was
waiting until the time might be right.”
And here is another use of dum from the reading:
Manē in atriō dum omnēs aliōs salūtaverō. (lines 27-28)
This dum clause indicates an event which is a fact and is therefore uses the indicative.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIV.D Sequence of Tenses
Directions: In each of the following sentences identify the subjunctive verb and its tense.
Then indicate whether this verb shows same time or time before the main verb. We have
done the first one for you.
Verb Tense Time Sequence
1. Scīsne quod dōnum Serviliō dēs des present same time
2. Nesciō quid dem.
3. Nesciō quid aliī clientēs Servīliō dederint.
4. Nescīvimus quid dīcerent!
5. Nesciō quōmodo dīcam!
6. Dīc mihi quid dīcere debeam.
7. Dīc quid aliī antē mē dīxerint.
8. Nescīvi qualibus verbīs aliī usī essent.
9. Incertus sum quale dōnum aliī obtulerint.
10. Incertus sum quale dōnum offeram
731

DISCE LĀTINAM!
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Martiālis Cliēns
In a famous poem Martial suggests that he left Rome for his native Spain because
he did not enjoy the early morning salutation in his patron’s atrium. Here is how he
explains his position to a more ambitious fellow client who obviously enjoys the custom
more than Martial does. Martial does not like practicing law and would much rather sleep
late and write poetry in Spain than get up early for a salūtātiō in Rome. As usual, we
provide a simplified version.
Ō mātūtīne cliēns, quī mihi es causa urbis reliquendae, sī sapiās, ātria ambitiōsa
colās. Ego nōn sum causidicus. Nec amārīs lītibus aptus sum. Sed piger et senior
comes Musārum sum. Ōtia somnusque, quae magna Rōma mē negāvit, mē iuvant.
Rōmam redibō sī et hīc in Hispaniā dormīre nōn possum.
Epigrammata XII.58
Verba Ūtenda
amārus, -a, -um bitter
causidicus, -ī m. lawyer
colō, colere, coluī, cultum honor,
pay court to, worship
comes, comitis m. / f. companion
et here, “even” or “also”
līs, lītis f. lawsuit
mātūtīnus, -a, -um of or
belonging to the early
morning
negō (1) deny
ōtium, -iī n. leisure
piger, pigra, pigurm low,
sluggish, lazy
Rōmam to Rome
sapiō, sapere, sapīvī / sapiī
show good sense
somnus, -ī m. sleep, rest
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Commercium Rōmānum
Roman society was hierarchical and plutocratic. By the
time of the empire, the ancient division between patrician
(aristocratic) and plebian families had broken down, but even in
the empire citizens were grouped by census into six classes
(ōrdinēs) according to wealth. The major public offices, such as
the consulship, were only open to the wealthiest group or
senatorial class, of which Servilius Severus was a member.
The next wealthiest group were the knights (equitēs, -um
m. pl.). Cordus is an equēs. Traditionally the wealth of the
senatorial class was based on large agricultural estates called
latifundia, (-ōrum n. pl.) and members of this class were not
allowed to participate directly in commercial activity. The
equitēs, however, were a wealthy business class. As part
of our “back story” on Cordus, we imagine that his father
made money by helping Crassus, one of the triumvirate
consisting of Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus. Crassus used
to go to fires and buy the houses at increasingly low
prices as the fire progressed. Perhaps Cordus is trying to
732
Mercurius
The Roman god of messengers
and commerce. Note his
trademark winged helment and
sandals.
http://www.vroma.org/images/
mcmanus_images/mercury_bro
nze.jpg

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
become more respectable by starting a fire brigade at Rome.
At the bottom of this social structure were citizens called prōlētāriī, who owned
little or no property. Aelius and his family were of this class. This social structure,
however, was very mobile and it was possible for a prōlētārius to rise quickly to the
status of equēs through the accumulation of great wealth.
While men of Servilius’ status could not, themselves, act as merchants or traders
(mercatōrēs) or bankers (argentāriī), they could, as Servilius does, seek commercial
profit indirectly, by working through freedmen, clients or agents. A skilled craftsman like
Aelius was a very attractive client for a patron like Servilius because Aelius could make
money for Servilius as well as provide Servilius with valuable support in political
elections.
There were great opportunities for financial gain (lucrum, -ī n. gain, profit) in the
export of Italian wines and olive oil and the importation of grain and slaves into Italy.
The luxury trade of items like silk and spices from the East and even amber from the
Baltic were also potentially lucrative. But the danger of severe financial loss through
shipwreck, theft, and natural disaster was also very real.
Expansion of the Roman Empire was also encouraged by Roman commercial
interests. The establishment of new areas of Roman influence meant more markets open
to Roman merchants and new sources of imports to the capital city.
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Latin Interrogatives in English
Use the meaning of each of the following Latin interrogatives to define their
English derivatives. Consult an English dictionary if you need help.
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī / quaesiī, quaesītum
rogō (1)
quantus, -a, -um
qualis, quale
quid
quot
query, quest, querist
question, questionnaire
abrogate, derogate,
derogatory, interrogative,
prerogative, rogatory
quantity, quantify, quantum
quantitative
qualify, qualification,
qualitative, quality
quiddity, quid prō quō
quotient
733

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Imperium Rōmānum et Magna Germānia
The Roman Empire and Magna Germā nia in 116 A.D.
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Germānia
The Romans used the word Germānia to refer to a wide geographic area in north
central Europe inhabited not only by German-speaking tribes but also Celtics and others.
There were two Roman provinces called Germānia west of the Rhine river. Germānia
Inferior consisted approximately of what is now Belgium and the Netherlands. Germānia
Superior included modern Switzerland and the French province of Alsace. Under the
Emperor Augustus the Romans tried to push across the Rhine river further into Magna
Germānia. The successful expedition of Tiberius in 9-7 B.C. was one of these efforts,
and, for a while the Romans controlled territory as far east as the Elbe River. However,
after the disastrous defeat of three legions under the general Varus by the German leader
Arminius in the Teutenburg Forest in 9 A.D., Augustus settled the boundaries of the
empire along the defendable lines of the rivers Rhine and Danube. In was in response to
this defeat that the emperor is said to have cried Quinctilī Vare, legiōnēs redde! Two of
the most important cities in Roman Germany were Colōnia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
(the modern Cologne) and Augusta Trevirōrum (modern Trier).
Augusta Trevirōrum
734

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
Līmitēs Rōmānī in Germania
Roman Frontier Defenses in Germany at the
time of Tiberius’ campaigns
http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/ Germany-
RomanFrontiers-LimesChart.gif
Porta Rōmāna in Augustā Trevirōrum
Roman Gate in Trier, Germany
http://www.kaystone.de/ Trier%2031%20
March%202005%205%20Porta%20Nigre.jpg
QUID PUTĀS
1. Do you share Martial’s preference for leisure and sleep Would you move away
from a big city, as he did, to gain such peace and quiet
2. How does the attitude of upper class Romans towards commerce compare to those
of upper class Americans today How does upward mobility in ancient Rome
compare to that in the United States today
3. Are there any modern parallels to the Roman client-patron relationship
4. Why do you think the Romans were so eager to advance into Germany Why do
you think they found this so difficult to do
5. Can you give an example of a quid prō quō
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXIV.E SCRIBĀMUS Interrogative Review
Directions: Find the Latin words in Lectiō Prīma which best answer each of these Latin
questions. Then answer the question in Latin. We have done the first one for you.
1. Quandō Aelius surgit
ante ortum sōlis (line 1):
Aelius ante ortum sōlis surgit.
2. Quid Aelius ā fullōnē condūxit
3. Quā dē causā Aelius sē praeparāvit ut salūtātiōnem apud Servīlium faceret
735

DISCE LĀTINAM!
4. Quāle dōnum Aelius Serviliō dare debet
5. Cūr Aelius pauca dōna habet
6. Scitne Valeria qualibus verbīs Aelius in salūtātiōne utātur
7. Quid dē salūtātiōne Valeria scit
8. Quōmodo Aelius in salūtātiōne loquī debet
9. Qualem opīniōnem de dōnō Valeria tenēt”
10. Quandō Aelius Valeriae ānulum dedit
11. Cui Aelius ānulum dabit
XXXIV.F LOQUĀMUR
Directions: Practicing asking and answering in Latin the questions in Exercise XXXIV.E.
XXXIV.G Vēnātiō Verbōrum Discendōrum
Directions: Find the verbum discendum which best fits each of the following statements.
Hint: Some statements can have more than one answer and a word can sbe used more
than once.
1. The opposite of sciō: nesciō
2. A third declension i-stem noun:
3. An indeclinable adjective:
4. An ēques belongs to one of these divisions:
5. This Latin word comes to mean a maintenance person in a building in English:
6. A synonym for iānua:
7. A subordinate conjunction:
8. Equus, -a, -um is a synonym for this word:
9. A third conjugation verb:
10. A third declension noun which is not i-stem:
736

CAPUT XXXIV
Patrōnus et Cliēns
11. An interrogative word:
12. A fourth conjugation verb:
13. An animal:
14. Refers to a metal:
15. This Latin word refers to a place where crafts were made:
16. A synonym for clarus, -a, -um:
17. Quaerō is a synonym for this word:
18. This verb does not have a PPP:
19. The English word “disorder” is derived from this word:
20. A neuter noun of the second declension:
21. Refers to traveling in a foreign country:
Verba Discenda
antequam before
argenteus, -a, -um of
silver, silvery
dēstruō, dēstruere,
dēstrūxī, dēstrūctum
destroy
dum until, while
equēs, equitis m.
horseman, knight; pl.
cavalry; order of
knights
equus, -ī m. horse
foris, foris (forēs ,-um
pl.) f. door, gate. forīs
adv. out of doors,
outside; abroad
iānitor, -ōris m. doorman,
porter
interrogō (1) ask,
question; examine
morbus. –ī m. illness,
sickness
navis, navis f. ship
necessarius, -a, -um
necessary
nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī /
nesciī, nescītum not
know
officīna, -ae f. workshop
opīniō, -iōnis f. opinion,
belief; reputation
ordō, -inis m. row, line,
order; rank; class of
citizens
plānus, -a, -um plane,
flat; even; obvious.
plānē clearly
praetereā besides,
moreover
proelium, -iī n. battle
prōmittō, prōmittere,
prōmīsī, prōmissum
send forth; promise
quā dē causā for what
reason why
qualis, quale what kind
of what sort of
quot indeclin. how
many
tremō, tremere, tremuī
tremble
737

DISCE LĀTINAM!
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Macron or No Macron
When we compared the perfect active subjunctive and future perfect active indicative
forms earlier in this chapter, we did so this way.
Perfect Active
Subjunctive
cēperō
cēperis
cēperit
cēperimus
cēperitis
cēperint
Future Perfect
Active Indicative
cēperim
cēperis
cēperit
cēperimus
cēperitis
cēperint
The situation, however, is actually a bit more complex. In some grammar books you will
find that the 2 nd singular and plural, and the 1 st plural have a macron over the –i of the
ending.
Perfect Active
Subjunctive
cēperim
cēperīs
cēperit
cēperīmus
cēperītis
cēperint
Future Perfect
Active Indicative
cēperō
cēperis
cēperit
cēperimus
cēperitis
cēperint
The reasons for this is that Roman poets used either a long or a short –i in these
endings and it seems that there was confusion even at the time as to which was more
corrrect. Such things are not uncommon. Consider how different parts of America
pronounce the word “aunt.”
LEGENDA
D'Arms, John H. Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1981.
738

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
Marcus and his friends go to the chariot races in the
Circus Maximus. They are here as much for the games
as to interact with their friends. In the process we learn
some tips in this regard from Ovid, the famous poetguide
of love.
GRAMMATICA
Indirect Questions with “time after”
Future active participle + sim//essem
Complete sequence chart
Present Perfect as Primary Sequence
Historical Present
Consolidation of the Latin Present Tense
The Supine
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Circensēs
Russus Victor
http://amaust.romanrepublic.org/RomanChariotBig.jpg
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Colors, Dyes and Fabrics in the Roman Empire
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Colōrēs in Latīnā
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Circus Maximus
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Is There Really Any More to Say about Questions:
Consolidation of Questions
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
Setting the Scene
Several months have passed since the fire and life is easier for Valeria and her family.
They have moved into a better section of town and now inhabit an insula at the base of
the Viminal Hill, upon which, you will recall, lives their patron, Servilius. Their
apartment has more rooms and Aelius has a new workshop nearby with two slaves who
help him produce silver articles of high quality. Business is good both at his shop and at
Valeria’s taberna.

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Higher on the Viminal, life is also changing. Marcus is getting ready to go to
Greece to continue his studies of rhetoric and Servilia and her mother are involved in
planning the upcoming wedding with Cordus. Servilius himself is well into the elections
for praetor and, when he is able, Aelius, as a good cliēns helps with the election.
But today is a day of festivities and not a day for work or politics. News of
Tiberius’ victories in Germany has spread and the city is offering chariot races as a
celebration. All are eager to attend.
You will get most of what you need to know about the chariot races from the
story itself, but you should know that a driver (agitator) of a chariot (quadrīgae)
belonged to a team (factiō) and that there were four factiōnēs, named after colors. These
teams were the Greens (Prasinī, prasina factiō), the Reds (Russātī, russāta factiō), the
Whites (Albī, alba factiō) and the Blues (Venetī, veneta factiō). Loyalty to one’s favorite
teams was every bit as “fanatical” as in today’s world.
As you read about these races, consider a little more about indirect questions and
the sequence of tenses.
Indirect Questions: Time After the Main Verb
So far you have learned how to use the sequence of tenses to show
Time close to that of the main verb (Present or Imperfect Subj)
Time before the main verb (Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive)
You have probably guessed that there is a third option–time after the main verb.
Consider these IQ-style sentence in English:
I know what you are going to do tomorrow.
Latin expresses this option after primary verbs with a form which is very easy to
recognize:
FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc
Sciō quid crās factūrus sīs.
The form marked in bold is very easy to translate by reversing the order of FAP and the
present subjunctive form of the verb sum.
Sciō quid crās sīs factūrus.
I know what tomorrow you are going to do.
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXV.A
Directions: A number of these FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc. appear in Lectiō Prīma marked in
bold. Make a list of them line by line and then translate them.
Line FAP subjunctive of sum Translation
4 adventūrī sint they are about to go
740

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
Lūdī Circēnsēs
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Paucōs post mēnsēs Romae lūdī circensēs fient et multī Rōmānī ad
Circum Maximum venient ut lūdōs spectent. Ē familiā Valeriae Aelius
veniet et ē familiā Servīliī Marcus, Lūcius, et Servīlia advenient. Et Severus
cum Corneliā adveniet. Rogāsne fortasse cūr
adventūri sint
Aelius, quī praesertim Albīs favet veniet ut
spōnsiōnem faciat et, fortasse, plurimōs nummōs
domum ferat. Lūcius quadrīgārum spectandārum
causā veniet. Cum “naufragia” fiunt, et agitātōrēs
equīque in acervum cadunt, magnus est clāmor
spectatōrum et maior est Lūciī laetitia.
Neque Severus neque Cornelia lūdīs fruuntur, sed tempori cessērunt et
advenient quod Severus praetōrem petit et ā suffrāgātōribus spectārī cupit.
Quamquam certāmina eīs placent, Marcus et amīcī Fabius, Gaius, et
Sextus, praesertim puellārum spectandārum causā venient. Servīlia item
sperat sē Cordum in Circō sedentem conspicere.
Prīdiē lūdōrum Marcus et amīcī inter sē colloquēbantur.
Fabius: “Amīcī, intelligitisne quae puellae crās ad Circum
adventūrae sint Valdē puellās spectāre vōlō! Puellā fōrmōsās…..et
multās!”
Marcus: “Nōn cūrō quis illic futūra sit dummodo Aemiliam videam!”
Sextus: “Ah, dīc nōbīs plūs dē hāc Aemiliā! Estne fōrmōsa
Fabius: “Estne iūcunda”
Gaius: “Estne gracilis Habetne sorōrem Dīc nōbīs omnia!”
Marcus: “Nōlī nūgās loquī! Aemilia tota pulchra est et intellegēns.
Sperō cum eā colloquī priusquam ad Graeciam navigāverō. Sī nōn….”
Gaius interpellit: “Graecia! Graecia! Nemō mihi dīxit tē ad
Graeciam abitūrum esse! Dīc mihi quandō abitūrus sīs.”
Marcus: “Incertus sum quandō abitūrus sim, sed abeundum est.
Abeō ut rhetoricae in terrā Dēmosthenis studeam. Sed priusquam abeō,
sperō mē Aemiliam spectāre et ab eā spectārī.”
Sextus, qui maior nātū quam aliī est et Ovidiī
Nasōnis amīcus est, cacchinat. “Ita verō!,” inquit,
“Sīcut amicus meus, ille poeta dē rebus amātōriīs
dīxit, “Spectātum venimus, venimus ut spectēmur!”
Gaius: “Ita verō. Ovidius bene dīxit cūr nōs
adulēscentēs ad Circum veniāmus!
GEMMA
Panem et circēnsēs!
This phrase from the late firstcentury
A.D. satirist Juvenal
(X.81) mocks the imperial
practice of placating the Roman
populace with free food (panem)
and entertainments (cicēnsēs).
GEMMA
Spectātum venimus, venimus
ut spectēmur! (lines 30-31).
This statement is based on
Ovid’s Ars Amatoria l. 98:
spectatum veniunt, veniunt
spectentur ut ipsae. (“They
come to see; they come so that
they themselves will be seen.”
741

DISCE LĀTINAM!
40
45
Postrīdiē eius noctis, autem, dum amīcī Circō appropinquant, Lūcius,
agitātus, multās quaestiōnēs habet. “Dīc mihi quantōs agitātōrēs mox
visūrus sim! Et dīc mihi quis, omnibus certāminibus peractīs, victūrus sit!”
Marcus, “Tace,” inquit, “fratercule! Mihi magnae rēs hodie agendae
sunt! Aemilia invenienda est!”
Sextus: “Venus,” inquit, “tibi faveat! Et tū, Servīlia, Cordum tuum
cōnspexistī”
Servīlia nihil dīcit, sed ērubēscēns turbam exāminat ut Cordum
inveniāt.
Postquam Marcus abiit ut Aemiliam quaereret, Fabius Sextum rogat:
“Ovidius tuus nōs docuit quōmodo puellīs placēre possimus”
Sextus, “Ita,” inquit, “multa intellegit Ovidius de hīs rēbus. Et libenter
tē docēbō. Sed ecce….tubās audiō. Lūdī incipiunt.”
Verba Ūtenda
acervus, -ī m. heap
agitātor, -ōris m. driver,
charioteer
albus, -a, -um white
amātōrius, -a, -um loving,
pertaining to love, amatory
cacchinō (1) laugh loudly
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum
go, walk; + dat. yield to,
give way to; succeed;
allow, grant
certāmen, certāminis n.
contest, race
circēnsēs, circēnsium m. pl.
games in the circus
circus, circī m. circle, circus
Dēmosthenes, -is m.
Demonsthenes, a famous
Greek orator of the fourthcentury
B.C .
dummodo provided that, as
long as
ērubēscō, ērubēscere, ērubuī
blush
exāminō (1) examine
faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum +
dat. favor, support, cheer for
fōrmōsus, -a, -um beautiful,
handsome, pretty
fraterculus, -ī m. little brother,
gracilis, -e thin, slender
incertus, -a, -um uncetain
intellegēns, intellegentis
intelligent
interpellō (1) interrupt
item similarly, likewise
iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant,
agreeable
laetitia, -ae f. happiness
libēns, libentis willing,
cheerful
mēnsis, mēnsis m. month
nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum be
born
Nasō, Nasōnis m. Naso, Ovid’s
cognomen
nātū by birth
naufragium, -iī n. crash, wreck
(literally “shipwreck’)
nāvigō (1) sail
nūgae, -um f. nonsense
peragō, peragere, perēgī,
perāctum finish, complete
postrīdiē the next day
praetor.-tōris m. praetor, judge
prīdiē on the day before (+
gen.)
quadrīgae, -ārum f. pl. chariot
with four horses
quaestiō, -iōnis f. question
Rōmae at Rome
spectātum in order to see
spōnsiō, -iōnis f. bet, wager:
spōnsiōnem facere to make
a bet
suffrāgātiō, -iōnis f. public
espression of support
tempori cēdunt “they yield to
circumstances”
tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet
turba, -ae f. disorder,
confusion; crowd
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. Why does Aelius go to the races What team does he support
2. What does Lucius want to see at the races What does his brother want to see
3. Why to Severus and his wife go to the races Why does Servilia go
4. Who is Aemilia and what does Marcus say about her
742

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
5. What news does Marcus’ friend Gaius learn the night before the races
6. What poet is Sextus friends with What observation does this poet make about the
races
GRAMMATICA A
Sequence of Tenses: Time After the Main Verb
As you read Lectiō Prīma you saw how Latin can use FAP + present subjunctive
forms of sum in indirect questions in order to express time after the main verb in primary
sequence:
FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc
Fortasse rogās cūr adventūri sint (line 4)
Perhaps you might ask why they are going to go.
You would think there would be a special future subjunctive for such cases, but none
exists. Instead, Latin resorts once more to periphrasis or “around speak” to get “around”
the problem. (For more information on periphrasis, see the ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
to Caput XXX.)
All of the examples in Lectiō Prīma were in primary sequence. You can probably
guess what happens in secondary sequence:
FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc.
Fortasse rogāvit cūr adventūrī essent.
Perhaps you might have asked why they were going to go.
You will see examples of FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc. in Lectiō Secunda.
With these two forms of FAP + the subjunctive forms of sum you now know the
entire sequence of tenses:
S
E
Q
U
E
N
C
E
P
R
I
M
A
R
Y
If the main verb (indicative) is….
Present
Future
Future Perfect
(Present Perfect)
(Imperative)
Use this subjunctive in clause to show time
1. Present shows same time
2. Perfect shows time before
3. FAP + sim, shows time after
sīs, sit etc.
O
F
T
E
S
E
C
O
N
Imperfect
Perfect (usual)
Pluperfect
1. Imperfect shows same time
2. Pluperfect shows time before
3. FAP + essem, shows time after
743

N
S
E
S
D
A
R
Y
DISCE LĀTINAM!
esses, esset etc.
The Present Perfect as Primary Sequence
But perhaps you also noticed in Lectiō Prīma the following two indirect questions
where a perfect verb (secondary sequence) was followed by a present subjunctive:
Ovidius bene dīxit cūr nōs adulēscentēs ad Circum veniāmus! (line 32-33)
Ovidius tuus nōs docuit quōmodo puellīs placēre possimus. (line 46)
These present subjunctives would seem to break the rules of sequence until you know
about the so-called present perfect. This is, simply put, a verb in the past tense which
really stresses the present result of its action. First consider these English examples:
I have killed Caesar! = Caesar is dead.
I have passed all my exams. = They are now done!
I have come to save you. = I am here to help you.
Thus, the third example above would use primary sequence in the purpose clause:
Advēnī ut te adiuvem.
Compare Advēnī ut tē adiuvārem, which you should translate “I came to save
you.” Use of secondary sequence tells the reader that this is over and done with. In the
sentence Advēnī ut te adiuvem (“I came to save you now.”), the primary sequence makes
it clear that the saving is not over with. Yet another case of how precise Latin can be!
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXV.C From Primary to Secondary Sequence
Directions: The following indirect questions in primary sequence appeared in Lectiō
Prima. Change them all to secondary sequence. In all but one case this entails changi the
main (head) verb to perfect tense and using FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc. instead of FAP
+ sim, sis, sit etc. We have done the first one for you.
1. Fortasse rogās cūr adventūri sint
Fortasse rogāvisti cūr adventūrī essent
2. intelligitisne quae puellae crās ad Circum adventūrae sint
3. Nōn curō quis illic futūra sit dummodo Aemiliam videam!
4. Dīc mihi quandō abitūrus sīs.
744

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
5. Incertus sum quandō abitūrus sim.
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
In order to follow the race that occurs in this reading, you should know the parts
of a race track. The chariots started in the starting gates (carceres, literally “prisons”) at
the squared end of the track. They did six and one half laps around the central barrier
(spīna), coming as close to the turning posts (mētae) as they could. Each lap was counted
by hoisting a dolphin and an egg at the appropriate end of the spīna and the chalk finish
line (calx) was near the rounded end of the track where there was also the victor’s gate
(porta triumphalis) by which the winning chariot left. As you read about the race,
remember that the charioteers tied the reins around their waists and steered by leaning,
leaving their hands free for other things such as a whip. A significant amount of skill was
required for this.
Circus
Maximus
http://www.geocities.com/bwduncan/circus.html
A. porta triumphalis, B. mēta prīma, C. obeliscus D. cavea (seating area for
spectators) E. spīna (upon which were the ova and delphīnēs, among other things), F.
mēta secunda, G. linea alba, H. harēna, I. tower, J. box above the porta pompae for
the ēditor lūdōrum, K. an arrow drawn through the porta pompae, and L. three of the
carcerēs.
The names of both the drivers and the horses from this chapter are based on real
historical evidence, although taken from a rather broad span of time.
745

DISCE LĀTINAM!
• Diocles who drove for the Reds, was a Spaniard of the 2 nd century AD who, an
inscription tells us, won 1,462 times in his 4,257 starts before his death at age 42.
• A Scorpus who drove for the Greens is mentioned in an epigram of Martial
(10.53) as having died aged 30. It could be a dangerous life. The Scorpus in our
story is a member of the alba factiō.
• The epitaph of Fuscus tells us he won his very first race driving for the Greens
and claims he was the first charioteer ever to be victorius in his first race. Yet he
died ca. 35 A.D. at age 24. We have taken the liberty of making this race his first
victory.
• Crescens was from Mauretania and had a 9-year career driving for the Blues,
ending in his death at age 22–meaning he had begun when he was thirteen years
old.
Here is a chart to help you keep straight the drivers, the teams and their horses.
We know the names of hundreds of Roman race horses. See if you can translate the
names of Fuscus’ horses into appropriate modern sounding equivalents.
Agitātor Factiō Equī
Scorpus
Albī (Whites)
Crescens
Venetī (Blues)
Diocles
Russātī (Reds)
Fuscus Prasinī (Greens) Candidus, Celer, Cursor, Incitātus
As you read about the race, in addition to FAP + essem, essēs, esset (which are marked in
bold) watch out for two other new grammar features:
Historical Present
Latin, like English, will often slip into the present tense in the middle of a narrative set in
the past. This is done for stylistic vividness and immediacy. As you translate, be aware of
these tense shifts and be sure to translate the tenses accurately.
Supines
The supine is a verbal noun which looks like the PPP of the verb but is only used
in the accusative and ablative singular with fourth declension endings. Here is how the
supine forms of clāmō are formed and translated:
clāmātum
to shout, in order to shout
clāmātū
to shout
Both forms have special uses grammatically but, for now, if you remember to translate
them like infinitives, you will do fine. We will explain the difference between the two
forms later.
746

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXV.C
Directions: There are the five supine phases used in Lectiō Secunda. See how well you
can translate them.
1. horrible vīsū (line 17)
2. Servī et medicī adiuvātum ruērunt. (lines 20-21)
3. mīrābile dīctū (lines 28-29)
4. Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant. (lines 34-35)
Naufragium
5
10
15
20
25
Omnibus spectantibus, decem quadrīgae carcerēs intravērunt. Aliī
equī tranquillī sunt, aliī agitātī. Inter decem agitātōrēs quattuor praeclārī
sunt–Diocles Russātae Factiōnis, Fuscus Prasinae, Crescēns Venetae, et
Scorpus Albae. Ille Fuscus iuvenis est–et hoc eī prīmum certāmen est.
Tubae fortiter flēvērunt et nuntius in medium Circī processit ut
clāmāret: “Attendite omnēs. Augustus noster hōs lūdōs nōbīs dedit ut urbs
omnis Tiberium, legatum et prīvignum Augustī, laudēt. Lūdī incipiant!”
Tuba fremuit et quisque spectātor victōriam sperāns, agitātōrem et equōs
suōs hortātus est.
Tunc ēditor ludōrum stetit et, mappam in āere tollēns, eam dīmīsit ut
certāmen inciperet. Decem quadrīgae celeriter trans harēnam volāvērunt et
Scorpus nunc prīmus est et Aelius, quī Albīs favet, fortiter clāmāvit.
Per quīnque spatia Scorpus prīmus est
sed aliī prope eum sunt. Nēmō, neque agitātor
neque spectātor, scīvit quis victor futūrus esset.
Tunc, quadrīgīs mētam praetereuntibus, rotae
Fuscī tam fortiter spīnam tetigērunt ut quadriga
cursum amittere inciperet.
Lūcius, hunc ēventum intuēns, Marcum
rogāvit quid ēventūrum esset, sed, priusquam
GEMMA
Scorpus nunc prīmus est (line
11). Note the use of the present
tense (est) to describe a past event.
This is called the historical
present. Roman historians were
very fond of using the present
tense in this way. to convey
excitement.
Marcus respondēre potuit,—horribile visū!—
naufragium factum est et duae quadrīgae frāctae iacuērunt dum aliae
quadrīgae prōrsus ruunt.”
Servī et medicī ad quadrīgās frāctās, inter quās Crescentis quadriga
erat, adiuvātum ruērunt, nescientēs utrum agitātōrēs vivī aut mortuī futūrī
essent. Trepidus Aelius, gemēns et pecūniam suam amissam aestimāns,
nescīvit quid Liciniae dictūrus esset.
Intereā octō quadrīgae supersunt et equī quam celerrimē currunt.
Mox, sex ova et sex delphīnēs in spīnā stant. Fuscus, equōs suōs hortāns,
747

DISCE LĀTINAM!
30
35
40
clāmat: “Currite, amīcī! Currite! Age, Candide, agite Celer et Cursor!
Nōlīte cēdere! Age mī Incitāte!”
Equī volentēs atque volantēs, strēnuē labōravērunt et—mīrābile
dīctū—prīmī ad calcem vēnērunt. Fuscus, iuvenis, victor in prīmo certāmine
suō factus est et, palmā receptā, per portam triumphālem quadrīgam ēgit.
Sed Fuscus nōn hōc diē solus victor est. Marcus Aemiliam invēnit et
Fabius, quem Sextus benē docuerat, duās puellās iūcundās et pulcherrimās
cognoverat. Servilia quoque victrix erat quod Cordum suum cōnspexerat. Ut
Vergilius dīcit: “Amor vincit omnia; et nōs cēdāmus amōri.” Omnēs hī
iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant et venērant ut spectātī essent et in lūdīs, rē vērā,
spectāverant et spectātī erant!
Vīsō naufragiō, Lūcius laetus domum progrēdiēbātur. Severus et
Cornelia, spectāti ā cīvibus multīs, laetī fīlium sequēbantur sed māiōre cum
dignitāte. Miser Aelius, autem, Albīs vīctīs, et multīs nummīs amissīs,
domum lentē ambulābat.
Verba Ūtenda
aestimō (1) consider; estimate
agitāto, -tātis m. driver;
charioteer
albus, -a, -um white
attendō, attendere, attendī,
attentum listen carefully
augustus, -a, -um revered.
Augustus, “the revered one,”
a cognomen of Octavius.
calx, calcis f. goal, chalkline
candidus, -a, -um dazzling
white; bright
carcer, carceris m. prison;
starting gate
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum go,
walk; + dat. yield to, give
way to; succeed; allow,
grant
certāmen, certāminis n.
contest, race
circus, circī m. circle, circus
cognoverat “He had gotten to
know.” Remember that
perfect form cognōvī =
present and cognōveram =
simple past.
Crescēns, -entis m. Crescens, a
man’s name
cursor, cursōris m. runner
cursum amittere to go off course
cursus, -ūs m. course; voyage;
journey; race; march;
ēditor, ēditōris m. organizer;
publisher. Ēditor ludōrum
“the giver of the games,”
i.e., the public official in
charge of the games
ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī,
ēventum come about;
happen
Fabius, -iī m. Fabius, a
Roman praenomen
factiō, -tiōnis f. party, faction,
group of supporters
faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum +
dat. favor, support, cheer
for
fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum weep,
cry
frangō, frangere, frēgī,
frāctum break, crush;
conquer
fremō, fremere, fremuī,
fremitum groan
fuscus, -a, -um dark. Fuscus a
man’s name
gemō, gemere, gemuī,
gemitum moan, groan
horribilis, -e horrible
in prīmo certāmine suō i.e.,
this is the very first race he
has ever won!
incertus, -a, -um uncertain
incitō (1) incite; spur on
naufragium, -iī n. shipwreck,
crash (of chariots), wreck
ōrnō (1) adorn
palma, -ae f. palm (of victory)
praetereō, praeterīre,
praeterīvī / prateriī,
praeterītum go past; escape
notice of; neglect
praetor, praetōris m. judge,
praetor
prasinus, -a, -um green
prīvignus, -ī m. stepson
prōrsus straight ahead;
forward
rota, -ae f. wheel
russātus, ,a- um
Scorpus, -ī m. Scorpus, a
man’s name
Sextus, -ī m. Sextus, a male
praenomen
spatium, -iī n. space. Translate
as “lap” here.
spīna, -ae f. thorn; spine; spine
of the circus
supersum, superesse, superfuī
be left over; survive; have
strength (for)
Tiberius, -ī m. Tiberius,
Augustus’ step-son, adopted
son and successor
trepidus, -a, -um alarmed,
anxious
748

career
delphīn, delphīnis m. dolphin
dignitās, -tātis f. worthiness,
merit; dignity; office; honor
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī,
dīmissum send out; dismiss;
release; divorce. Translate
here as “let drop (the
reins)”
Diocles, Dioclis m. Diocles, a
man’s name
doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum
teach; show
CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
intereā meanwhile
iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant,
agreeable
laus, laudis f. praise
legatus, -ī m. lieutenant;
legate
mappa, -ae f. table napkin;
starting flag
medicus, -ī m. doctor,
physician
mēta, -ae f. turning post
mīrābilis, -e wonderous
miser, misera, miserum
wretched, miserable
triumphālis, -e triumphal
tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet
utrum whether
venetus, -a, -um blue
Vergilius, -iī Vergil, the poet
victor, victōris m. victor,
conqueror
victōria, -ae f. victory
victrix, victrīcis f. female
conquerer
vivus, -a, -um alive, living
volō (1) fly
Figure I
Venetus Vīctor
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/circus.html
Blue wins the race. Piazza del Castale, Amerina, Sicily
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ
1. How many chariots ran the race Which agitātor died in the race Which one
won
2. Describe the pre-game ceremony. Who speaks and what is the topic
3. How does the race begin
4. How does the crash (naufragium) happen
5. Describe how the victorious agitātor is honored at the end of the race.
6. How can Marcus, Fabius and Servilia all be considered victors in this race
7. Why did Lucius and his parents leave the race happy Why was Aelius unhappy
749

DISCE LĀTINAM!
GRAMMATICA B
The Supine
Like the infinitive, the Latin supine is a verbal noun. While there is no equivalent
to a supine in English, the Latin supine is easy to recognize and to translate.
Here are a few tips about forming supines:
• The supine is based upon the PPP of any verb.
• The supine belongs to the fourth declension.
• The supine appears only in the accusative and ablative cases.
Here, then are the supines of our model verbs:
clāmātum, clāmātū to shout cōnātum, cōnātū to try
habitum, habitū to have pollicitum, pollicitū to promise
ductum, ductū to lead secutum, secutū to follow
captum, captū to seize passum, passū to suffer
auditum, auditū to hear mentitum, mentitū to lie
Now here are some tips about translating supines:
• The supine translated into English looks like an infinitive: clāmātum “to shout”
• The ablative supine is only used to modify an adjective:
mīrābile dictū “wonderous to say”
horribile visū “horrible to see”
• The accusative supine is only used after a verb of motion to express purpose:
Servī et medicī adiuvātum ruērunt. “The slaves and medics rushed to
help.”
Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant. “All these young people had come
to look.”
Notandum: The accusative supine is the fourth way you have learned to express purpose
in Latin.
SUPINE
Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant.
PURPOSE CLAUSE Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnērant ut spectārent.
AD + GERUND(IVE) Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnēant ad spectāndum.
CAUSĀ+ GERUND(IVE) Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnēant spectāndī causā.
All four of these sentences say exactly the same thing: “All these young people had come
(in order) to look.”
Consolidation of the Latin Present Tense
The historical present and the perfect present tenses should come as no surprise to
you because you have seen the present tense translated a number of ways into English
from early in your study of Latin. Here is a summary of the possibilities:
750

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
Dūcunt.
They lead.
They are leading.
They do lead.
They led.
They have led.
(simple present)
(progressive present)
(emphatic present)
(historical present)
(perfect present)
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXV.D Making Supines
Directions: Insert supines for each of the verbs listed below into this Latin sentence.
Servī _________ruērunt.
Then translate the sentences you have made into English. We have done the first one for
you.
1. adiuvō: Servī adiūtum ruērunt. The slaves rushed to help.
2. vincō:
3. spectō:
4. audiō:
5. respondeō:
6. finiō:
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ
Circēnsēs
Here is the epigram Martial wrote in memory of the charioteer Scorpus upon
whom the Scorpus in the story is based. The poem is written as an epitaph. Here is a
prose version of the poem. Notice how the dead Scorpus talks directly to the city of
Rome (apostrophe) and explains how envious Fate counted his victories (palmās) instead
of his years and decided it was time to take him at the age of 27!
Ego sum ille Scorpus, gloria clāmōsī Circī, et, Ō Rōma, ego fuī tuī plausūs et tuae
dēliciae brevēs. Ego sum ille Scorpus quem invida Lachesis credēns esse senem,
rapuit annō vīcēnsimō septimō, dum Lachesis numerat palmās [victōriae].
And here are a few lines from Ovid’s Ars Amātōria (finished ca. 1 B.C.) in which
the poet offers advice about how to flirt at the circus. There are so many people and so
much noise at the circus that there is no need for silent signals and nods. And the place is
so crowded that you can sit real close!
Nōlī fugere certāmen equōrum nōbilium! Circus, plēnus populī, commoda multa
habet. Nihil opus est digitīs per quōs arcāna loquāris; nec nota tibi accipienda est
per nūtūs. Sedēto proximus ā dominā, nullō prohibente. Iunge tuum latus lateri
eius usque quā potes.
751

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Verba Ūtenda
arcānus, -a, -um secret
certāmen¸-minis n. contest,
race
clāmōsus, -a, -um noisy
commodus, -a, -um convenient
dēliciae, -ārum f. pl. delight,
pleasure
digitus, -ī m. finger
dum while. The idea is that
while Lachesis was
totaling up Scorpus’
victories, she thought he
must be old.
invidus, -a, -um envious
Lachesis, -is f. The Fate who
cut off one’s life thread,
causing death
nota, -ae f. sign, word
nūtus, nūtūs m. nod
palma, -ae f. palm (of victory)
plausus, -ūs applause, recipient
of applause
quā where, in so far as
usque as far as
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Colors, Dyes and Fabrics in the Roman Empire
Most clothing in the Roman Empire was made of wool. As traditional garments,
togas were always made of this material. Flax, grown throughout the empire, was another
important fabric source. Cotton (from India) and silk (from China) were also available,
especially for the wealthier classes.
The chariot teams of ancient Rome
introduced you to four Latin color words
(prasinus, albus, russus and venetus), and you
had already encountered a few others, like niger
and candidus.
Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea
snail (mūrex, mūricis m.), was so expensive to
manufacture that it became the color of kings. It
is also, as you may remember the color used on
the toga praetexta.
Brightly colored clothing was often a
sign of a luxury in the ancient world. The
average person wore plainer clothing colored
with vegetable dyes.
There were a wide range of colors and
hues available for dyeing but it is often difficult
to determine the exact hue of the Latin words
for various colors.
Mūrex
(Bolinus brandaris)
Source of purple dye in the ancient
Mediterranean.
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previe
ws/808/25713.JPG
LATĪNA HODIERNA
Colōrēs in Latīnā
“Purple” is the only English color word derived directly from Latin but many
colors appear in various Egnlish words, especially in technical, scientific contexts. We
have listed only the Latin adjective forms (rather than other parts of speech). If you don’t
know the meaning of an English word, look it up in the dictionary.
752

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
Latin Color Word
purpureus, -a, -um
āter, ātra, ātrum
niger, nigra, nigrum
albus, -a, -um
candidus, -a, -um
caeruleus, caerulus (sky blue)
cyaneus, -a, -um (greenish blue)
prasinus, -a, -um
viridis, viride
ruber, rubra, rubrum
rufus, -a, -um
russus, -a, -um
flāvus, -a, -um blond
lūteus, -a, -um saffron
croceus, -a, -um saffron
English Derivatives
purple
BLACK HUES
atrabilious
negritude, Negroid, Niger,
WHITE HUES
alb, albescent, albino, album. albumen
candid, candidate
BLUE HUES
cerulean
cyan, cyanide, cyanogen
GREEN HUES
praseodymium
virid, viridescent, viridian, viridity
RED HUES
rubefacient, rubella, rubelite, rubescent,
rubicund, rubidium (Rb 37), rubiginous,
rubious, rubric, ruby
rufescent, Rufus
russet
YELLOW HUES
flavescent, flavin, flavone
lutein, luteous
crocein, crocus
BROWN HUES
fuscus, -a, -um
fulvus, -a, -um reddish yellow, tawny
pullus, -a, -um dingy, sombre
spādīx
aureus, -a, -um
argentārius, -a, -um
OTHER
aureate, aureole, auriferous
argentiferous, argentine
753

DISCE LĀTINAM!
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS
Circus Maximus
Located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills in Rome, the
Circus Maximus is one of the earliest such facilities in the city. The area is traditionally
said to have been first used for racing events by Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of
Rome in the 6 th century B.C. Originally there were no permanent seats or racing
structures. The first permanent carcerēs were built in 329 B.C. By the time of Augustus,
the structure included the permanent race course, spina, eggs, dolphins, etc. as described
in our story. In 7 B.C. the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus described this
circus as one of the most admirable structures in the city (III.68).” The circus was
primarily used for horse races, but could also be used for other events, including
gladiatorial contests and animal hunts. This circus was so large that, at one time, it
probably was capable of accommodating 250,000 spectators!
Circus Maximus
http://oraschewski.de/praetorianer/images/Circus_Maximus.jpg
Circus Maximus Hodiē
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient_rome/circus_maximus.jpg
754

CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
QUID PUTĀS
1. Can you compare the career of Scopas in Martial’s poem to that of a modern
athlete
2. How would you evaluate Ovid’s advice to lovers attending the races
3. From which Latin hue has English borrowed the most words What kinds of
words What hue has English not borrowed from English
4. What does the size of the Circus Maximus suggest to you about the role of sports
in Roman society
EXERCEĀMUS!
XXXV.E Circus Maximus
Directions: Choose the Latin word which best answers each of the following questions
about Circus Maximus in Latin. For example:
In quā urbe Circus Maximus est
Circus Maximus in urbe Rōmā est.
Quis lūdōs dat
Ubi certāmen incipit
Ubi spectātōrēs sedent
Quot spatia equī currunt
Circum quid equī vertunt
Quot mētae sunt
Quot factiōnēs sunt
Quae quattuor nōmina factiōnibus sunt
Quis quadrīgās agit
Quid equī trahunt
Quot equōs quisque agitātor habet
Rōma Alexandria Ītalia Ostia
agitātor; editor; praetor; factiō
carcerēs; spīna; porta; calx
certāmen; carcerēs; cavea; factiō
sex et dimidum; septem; sex; quinque et
dimidum
spatium; mēta; calx; obeliscus
quinque; quattuor; trēs; duo
sex; quinque; quattuor; trēs
Albī; Rōmānī; Prasinī; Celerēs; Russātī;
Venetī; Puerī
agitātor; editor; praetor; factiō
calx quadrīgae factiō harēna
sex; quinque; quattuor; trēs
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DISCE LĀTINAM!
Quid est in mediō circō
Ubi sunt ōva et delphīnēs
Quid nōmen est lineae ubi certāmen finit
carcerēs; cavea; spīna; harēna
carcerēs; cavea; spīna; harēna
porta; calx; carcerēs; spīna
Per quam portam agitātor victor ā circō abit spīna; porta pompae; cavea; porta
triumphalis
XXXV.F LOQUĀMUR
Directions: Practice asking and answering the questions Exercise XXXV.E with a
classmate.
XXXV.G SCRIBĀMUS
Directions: Now use the questions and answers in Exercise XXXV.E to write a
paragraph describing the Circus Maximus in Latin. See if you can additional information
on your own from the information provided in this chapter. We have started the
paragraph for you below.
Circus Maximus in urbe Rōmā est.
XXXV.H VERBA DISCENDA
Directions: Answer each of the following questions about the VERBA DISCENDA in this
chapter.
1. Which comes first postrīdiē or prīdiē. Answer: prīdiē.
2. There are twelve of these in an annus.
3. This adjective is an antonym for lībens.
4. This word is formed from the verb sum.
5. This word is formed from the verb eō.
6. What verb is the English word “natal” derived from
7. The opposite of mortuus.
8. This verb can be used as a synonym for vincō.
9. This verb can be used both in reference to a messenger and a spouse.
10. This word refers to a musical instrument.
11. These two words are formed on the Latin verb vincō.
12. Find a concrete noun in this list (i.e., a word which refers to something you can
touch).
13. Now find an abstract noun in this list (i.e., a word which refers to something you
cannot touch).
14. Make a Latin adjective from the noun dignitās.
15. This noun is related to the Latin verb currō.
16. Make a Latin noun from the adjective fōrmōsus.
17. This word refers to the political office for which Severus is running.
756

Verba Discenda
cēdō, cēdere, cessī,
cessum go, walk; +
dat. yield to, give way
to; succeed; allow,
grant
certāmen, certāminis n.
contest, race
cursus, -ūs m. course;
voyage; journey;
race; march; career
dignitās, -tātis f.
worthiness, merit;
dignity; office; honor
dīmittō, dīmittere,
dīmīsī, dīmissum
send out; dismiss;
release; divorce
doceō, docēre, docuī,
doctum teach; show
CAPUT XXXV
Lūdī Incipiant!
ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī,
ēventum come about;
happen
fōrmōsus, -a, -um
beautiful, handsome,
pretty
incertus, -a, -um
uncertain
intereā meanwhile
item similarly, likewise
iūcundus, -a, -um
pleasant, agreeable
libēns, libentis willing,
cheerful
miser, misera, miserum
wretched, miserable
nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum
be born
ōrnō (1) adorn
postrīdiē the next day
praetereō, praeterīre,
praeterīvī / prateriī,
praeterītum go past;
escape notice of;
neglect
praetor, praetōris m.
judge, praetor
prīdiē on the day before
supersum, superesse,
superfuī be left over;
survive; have strength
(for)
tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet
turba, -ae f. disorder,
confusion; crowd
victor, victōris m. victor,
conqueror
victōria, -ae f. victory
vivus, -a, um alive, living
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS
Is There Really Any More to Say about Questions:
Consolidation of Questions
Now that you have learned the difference between direct and indirect questions, it
might be useful to see an overview of ways to ask questions in Latin. First of all,
remember that the Romans had no question marks so the only way they could indicate
question in writing was by using interrogative words. You have learned a great number
of these words already.
Some interrogative words create a question of the whole sentence:
Perferēmusne Catilīnam
Shall we tolerate Catiline
Num Catilīnam perferēmus
We won’t tolerate Catiline, will we
Nōnne Catilīnam perferēmus
We will tolerate Catiline, won’t we
Other interrogative words offer choices or options:
Perferēmusne Catilīnam an nōn Shall we tolerate Catiline or not
Utrum perferēmus Catilīnam an nōn Should we tolerate Catiline or not
or even
Perferēmus Catilīnam an nōn Should we tolerate Catiline or not
757

DISCE LĀTINAM!
Other interrogative words ask questions of detail:
Quis Catilīnam perferet
Who will tolerate Catiline
Cūr Catilīnam perferēmus
Why will we tolerate Catiline
Quōusque tandem Catilīnam perferēmus How long will we tolerate Catiline
Sometimes a direct question is asked in the subjunctive is used when the expected reply
is a command or an imperative. This is called a deliberative question:
Utrum perferāmus Catilīnam an nōn Should we tolerate Catiline or not
(Eum tolerāre nōli!)
(Don’t tolerate him!)
Othertimes a direct question is asked in the subjunctive not to seek information but to
state a fact more strongly. This is called a rhetorical question:
Quis Catilīnam perferat
Who would tolerate Catiline
(Nēmo perfert.)
(No one would.)
Finally, a direct question can be introduced by an in order to suggest an absurdity. This is
how Cicero actually asks this question in his first speech against Catiline:
An vērō Catilīnam perferēmus
Are we really going to tolerate Catiline
Any of these questions could be made indirect, of course, with the addition of a “head”
verb as the main verb in the sentence.
Rogas utrum Catilīnam perferāmus.
You ask whether we are going to tolerate
Catiline.
LEGENDA
Sebesta, Judith. “‘Tunica Ralla, Tunica Spissa’: The Colors and Textiles of Roman
Costume.” In The World of Roman Costume, edited by Judith L. Sebesta and L.
Bonfante. Madison, Wisc.: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2001.
758