RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

INDEX 637
qualitative research 19–24, 39, 40, 134, 148–9,
167–99, 355
QUALPRO 488
quantitative data analysis 500–92
quantitative research 14–19, 39, 40, 134, 146, 355
quasi-experimental designs 282–6
questionnaires 56, 317–48; administration of 344–6;
computer usage in 226–39; construction and design
320–39; ethical issues in 317–8; internet in 226–39;
layout 338–9; operationalization 318–21; piloting
341–2; planning 318–21, 342–3; postal 345–6, 347;
practical considerations in 342–4; reliability and
validity in 157–8; sequence in 336–7 see also
interviews; questions; sensitive research; surveys
questions 130–1, 151, 153–4, 320–37, 357–61, 362–5,
380–1; closed 321; constant sum 328–9; contingency
332–3; dichotomous 322–3; filters 332–3; Guttman
scales 325; Likert scales 325–8; matrix 331–2;
multiple choice 323–4; open-ended 329–31, 357;
rank ordering 325; rating scales 325–8, 331–2, 402;
ratio 329; semantic differential scales 325–8;
sensitive 333–4; sequencing 336–7; Thurstone scales
325, 327; wording 334–6 see also interviews; sensitive
research
quota sampling see sampling, kinds of
randomization 276–7
randomized controlled trials 277–8
random sampling see sampling, kinds of
ranking response 325
rating scales 325–32
ratio scale 329, 502–3, 586–90
reactivity 156, 160, 189 see also Hawthorne effect
records 183 see also documentary research; field notes;
historical research
reflective practice 302–4
reflexivity 23, 35–6, 90, 171–2, 310
regression 536–42, 588, 592 see also multiple regression
relativism 51, 61–2
reliability 133–64, 234; consistency 161; equivalence
147; in experiments 155–7; in interviews 150–5; in
life histories 164, 203–4; in observation 158–8; in
qualitative research 181, 189, 490–1; in quantitative
research 506; in questionnaires 157–8; internal
consistency 147–8; inter-rater 148, 411; in tests
159–64; parallel forms 148; stability 146–7, 148 see
also triangulation
repeated measures experiments 281–2
repertory grid, see personal constructs
reporting 87, 186, 195–6, 372–3
reputational case sampling see sampling, kinds of
research 41–2; design 78–99; methodology 36–7,
47–8, 78, 83–6, 89–91, 95; operationalization 81–3;
purposes 93, 94, 95; reporting of 87, 92; research
questions 80, 95, 468; sponsorship 41–7, 74–5;
timing of 95, 98, 180
respondent validation 66, 92, 134, 149
right to know 59, 66 see also ethics
right to privacy 59, 66 see also ethics
role 171, 179–80 see also access; ethnographic methods;
gatekeepers; naturalistic research
role-playing 68, 448–57; ethics in 450–2; examples of
455–7; in educational settings 448–50, 452–3;
procedures for 453–4; uses of 455–7 see also Milgram,
Sandroleplaying;StanfordPrisonExperiment
rotation in factor analysis see factor analysis
R-squared 541
sample 60 see sampling, kinds of
sample, access to 55–8, 109–10
sample mortality 144, 175, 215
sample size 100–5, 106, 113, 118, 162, 237, 527
sampling 78, 90, 97, 100–18, 121–4; in internet surveys
236–9; sampling error 106–8; sampling frame 117;
sampling, kinds of: boosted 115; cluster 112;
convenience 114, 176; critical case 176; dimensional
115; event 400–1; extreme case 176; instantaneous
401–2; matched 279–80; multi-phase 113;
non-probability sample 113–17; 237; opportunity
114, 176; probability 110–13, 151; purposive115–77;
quota 114; random 102–3, 110–11; reputational case
176; snowball 116, 122, 176; stage 112–3; stratified
109; 111–2; 177; systematic111, 114–5; theoretical
116–7, 176, 177–8, 492; typical case 176; unique
case 176; volunteer 116, 157, 237 see also case studies
sampling, representativeness of 100, 102–3, 108–9
scales of data 207, 322, 360, 502–3, 586–91
Schutz, A. 22–3
scientific method 5, 6, 11–19, 35, 42
scree plot 564–5
secondary sources of data 193–4
self-completion questionnaires 344–5
semantic differential scales 325–8
semi-structured interviews see interviews, kinds of
sensitive research 62, 65, 75, 109–10, 119–32, 318
significance, statistical see statistical significance; see also
effect size
simulations 60, 245–51
single-case research 284–6
situated ethics 61, 69, 74, 127, 132
skewed data 504
snowball sampling see sampling, kinds of
social episodes 391
sociology of knowledge 31–2
Solomon design of experiments 278
Spearman-Brown formula for reliability 147–8, 162,
506
Spearman rank-order correlation 517, 529, 587, 592
speech acts 389–91, 498
SphinxSurvey 488
SPSS 500–85
stability see reliability
Index