RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok
RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok
MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS AND MEANS 557 Box 24.61 Frequencies for variable one in the Friedman test The course encouraged and stimulated your motivation and willingness to learn Valid Not at all Very little A little Quite a lot A very great deal Total Total Frequency 1 13 64 79 32 189 191 Valid percent 0.5 6.9 33.9 41.8 16.9 100.0 Chapter 24 Box 24.62 Frequencies for variable two in the Friedman test The course encouraged you to take responsibility for your own learning Valid Not at all Very little A little Quite a lot A very great deal Total Total Frequency 1 9 64 85 30 189 191 Valid percent 0.5 4.8 33.9 45.0 15.9 100.0 (See http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 – Chapter 24, file Manual 24.12.) For more than two related samples (e.g. the same group voting for three or more items, or the same grouping voting at three points in time) the Friedman test is applied. For example, in Boxes 24.61 to 24.63 are three variables (‘The course encouraged and stimulated your motivation and willingness to learn’, ‘The course encouraged you to take responsibility for your own learning’ and ‘The teaching and learning tasks and activities consolidate learning through application’), all of which are voted on by the same group. The frequencies are given. Is there a statistically significant difference between the groups in their voting The Friedman test reports the mean rank and then the significance level; in the examples here the SPSS output has been reproduced (Boxes 24.64 and 24.65). Here one can see that, with a significance level of 0.838 (greater than 0.05), the voting by the same group on the three variables is not statistically significantly different, i.e. the null hypothesis is supported. The reporting of the results of the Friedman test can follow that of the Kruskal-Wallis test. For both the Kruskal-Wallis and the Friedman tests, as with the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, not finding a statistically significant difference between groups can be just as important as finding a statistically significant difference between them, as the former suggests that nominal characteristics of the sample make no statistically significant difference to the voting, i.e. the voting is consistent, regardless of particular features of the sample. The k-sample slippage test from Conover (1971), as an alternative to the Kruskal- Wallis test, is set out in the accompanying web site: see http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780 – Chapter 24, file 24.6.doc. Several data sets for use with SPSS are included on the accompanying web site, using fictitious data, thus: an SPSS data file on managing change: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, file ‘data file on change’
558 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Box 24.63 Frequencies for variable three in the Friedman test The teaching and learning tasks and activities consolidate learning through application Valid Very little A little Quite a lot A very great deal Total Frequency 6 71 92 22 191 Valid percent 3.1 37.2 48.2 11.5 100.0 Box 24.64 Rankings for the Friedman test Ranks The course encouraged and stimulated your motivation and willingness to learn The course encouraged you to take responsibility for your own learning The teaching and learning tasks and activities consolidate learning through application Box 24.65 Significance level in the Friedman test Mean rank 1.98 2.03 1.99 an SPSS data file on organizational culture: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/ file ‘organizational culture data file’ an SPSS data file on mathematics scores and related variables: http://www.routledge. com/textbooks/9780415368780/ file ‘test results for mathematics’; the questionnaire that accompanies this file (in Word) is available at http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, file ‘SPSS questionnaire on mathematics’ a Word file indicating all the SPSS files contained on the web site is available at: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/ 9780415368780/, file ‘SPSS FILES ON THE WEB SITE’. Test statistics a N 187 Chi-square 0.353 df 2 Asymp. sig. 0.838 a. Friedman Test
- Page 526 and 527: EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS: FREQUENC
- Page 528 and 529: EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS: FREQUENC
- Page 530 and 531: EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS: FREQUENC
- Page 532 and 533: EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS: FREQUENC
- Page 534 and 535: STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 515 alongt
- Page 536 and 537: STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 517 hands
- Page 538 and 539: HYPOTHESIS TESTING 519 selection fr
- Page 540 and 541: EFFECT SIZE 521 differential measur
- Page 542 and 543: EFFECT SIZE 523 Box 24.17 The Leven
- Page 544 and 545: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST 525 The Effect
- Page 546 and 547: DEGREES OF FREEDOM 527 Box 24.22 A2
- Page 548 and 549: MEASURING ASSOCIATION 529 Box 24.23
- Page 550 and 551: MEASURING ASSOCIATION 531 found and
- Page 552 and 553: MEASURING ASSOCIATION 533 Box 24.26
- Page 554 and 555: MEASURING ASSOCIATION 535 Many usef
- Page 556 and 557: REGRESSION ANALYSIS 537 we know or
- Page 558 and 559: REGRESSION ANALYSIS 539 Box 24.32 S
- Page 560 and 561: REGRESSION ANALYSIS 541 Box 24.35 S
- Page 562 and 563: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 564 and 565: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 566 and 567: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 568 and 569: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 570 and 571: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 572 and 573: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 574 and 575: MEASURES OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROU
- Page 578 and 579: 25 Multidimensional measurement and
- Page 580 and 581: FACTOR ANALYSIS 561 Box 25.1 Rank o
- Page 582 and 583: FACTOR ANALYSIS 563 Box 25.3 The st
- Page 584 and 585: FACTOR ANALYSIS 565 Box 25.5 Ascree
- Page 586 and 587: FACTOR ANALYSIS 567 Box 25.7 The ro
- Page 588 and 589: FACTOR ANALYSIS 569 The school
- Page 590 and 591: FACTOR ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE 571 sco
- Page 592 and 593: FACTOR ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE 573 Box
- Page 594 and 595: FACTOR ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE 575 Box
- Page 596 and 597: EXAMPLES OF STUDIES USING MULTIDIME
- Page 598 and 599: MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA: SOME WORDS O
- Page 600 and 601: MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA: SOME WORDS O
- Page 602 and 603: MULTILEVEL MODELLING 583 Degrees of
- Page 604 and 605: CLUSTER ANALYSIS 585 Box 25.22 Clus
- Page 606 and 607: → → → → HOW MANY SAMPLES 58
- Page 608 and 609: HOW MANY SAMPLES 589 Box 26.4 Choos
- Page 610 and 611: ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS 591 Box 26.5 c
- Page 612 and 613: Notes 1 THE NATURE OF INQUIRY - SET
- Page 614 and 615: NOTES 595 Gender and Careers. Lewes
- Page 616 and 617: NOTES 597 is widespread, indeed the
- Page 618 and 619: Bibliography Acker, S. (1989) Teach
- Page 620 and 621: BIBLIOGRAPHY 601 Bannister, D. and
- Page 622 and 623: BIBLIOGRAPHY 603 Brenner, M., Brown
- Page 624 and 625: BIBLIOGRAPHY 605 Cohen, L. and Holl
558 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS<br />
Box 24.63<br />
Frequencies for variable three in the Friedman test<br />
The teaching and learning tasks and activities consolidate learning through application<br />
Valid<br />
Very little A little Quite a lot A very great deal Total<br />
Frequency 6 71 92 22 191<br />
Valid percent 3.1 37.2 48.2 11.5 100.0<br />
Box 24.64<br />
Rankings for the Friedman test<br />
Ranks<br />
The course encouraged and<br />
stimulated your motivation and<br />
willingness to learn<br />
The course encouraged you to take<br />
responsibility for your own learning<br />
The teaching and learning tasks and<br />
activities consolidate learning<br />
through application<br />
Box 24.65<br />
Significance level in the Friedman test<br />
Mean rank<br />
1.98<br />
2.03<br />
1.99<br />
an SPSS data file on organizational<br />
culture: http://www.routledge.com/textbo<strong>ok</strong>s/<br />
9780415368780/ file ‘organizational culture<br />
data file’<br />
<br />
an SPSS data file on mathematics scores<br />
and related variables: http://www.routledge.<br />
com/textbo<strong>ok</strong>s/9780415368780/ file ‘test results<br />
for mathematics’; the questionnaire that<br />
accompanies this file (in Word) is available<br />
at http://www.routledge.com/textbo<strong>ok</strong>s/<br />
9780415368780/, file ‘SPSS questionnaire on<br />
mathematics’<br />
a Word file indicating all the SPSS<br />
files contained on the web site is available<br />
at: http://www.routledge.com/textbo<strong>ok</strong>s/<br />
9780415368780/, file ‘SPSS FILES ON THE<br />
WEB SITE’.<br />
Test statistics a<br />
N 187<br />
Chi-square 0.353<br />
df 2<br />
Asymp. sig. 0.838<br />
a. Friedman Test