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Border writing in Quebec 67 meanings. In creating a fictional equivalent for an interlingual translation, Brossard provides the reader with an opportunity to experience the kinds of shifts which occur when texts move from one language to another. From the very minimal changes that do occur, however, we may infer that Brossard holds a rather optimistic view of translation. There is no suggestion here of the essential incommunicability of culturally specific meaning; no spectre of the aporia of linguistic transfer. This is particularly significant in the case of Nicole Brossard, whose work – though quite abundantly translated – has grown out of a languagecentred feminism. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Brossard was one of the most active and articulate proponents of writing focused on the signifier, and in active conflict with conventional syntactic form. Nevertheless, unlike the work of her contemporary, France Théoret, for instance, Brossard’s writing does not falter or show impotence; it has even been called ‘classical’ in the broad sweep of ever-present command. 8 Though aware of the conceptual constraints which limit writing and communication in a patriarchal universe, though obsessed with the figures of death which patrol yet its wide desert spaces, Brossard speaks in Mauve Desert of the life of the word. This life is not spontaneous, not attached to any authentic mode of being. It is laboriously composed, and then patiently transferred and rediscovered. Through this process of transmission which has no beginning, the translator becomes a postmodern heroine. She constantly threatens to transgress the boundaries of her role, the geographical distance separating the hot clear air of the desert and the weak winter light of the north, the line of authority which allows the author to make decisions which the translator would like to contest. Brossard’s translator refuses to participate in an economy of loss, in the pathos of dislocation, the loss of spontaneous contact with one’s inner self, of emotional immediacy and wholeness, which is so often associated with translation. Brossard’s optimism brings novelty to a field dominated by clichés of betrayal and failure, and suggests that translation can participate in new logics of exchange, contribute to the creation of new solidarities. DANIEL GAGNON: THE AESTHETICS OF INTERLANGUAGE Daniel Gagnon is the author of a double work: La Fille à marier in its translated French version, and The Marriageable Daughter in English. The novel is made up of a series of fifty imaginary letters written by
68 Sherry Simon Jeanne, the 12-year-old narrator, to her made-up penpal Phyllis in Medicine Hat. Her letters tell of her impossible love for Nicolas, who is dead, of various older men who abuse her, and of the despair of being unable to communicate with any of the people around her. Enthusiastically, apologetically, she reaches out to Phyllis, in long streams of constantly changing metaphors, magical and idyllic at first, more and more riddled with disease and decay towards the last. The second section seems to end with a suicide attempt. And at the end she seems to be on the verge of either death or capitulation to the deathworld of drugs and psychiatric treatment. La Fille à marier cannot be separated from The Marriageable Daughter, a translation done by Gagnon himself and published in 1989. The first text to be published was the French version; the English text is presented as a translation of that book. But Gagnon himself has said that in fact he wrote the English text first. And there are many clues in the text which confirm this, associations of words and images which manifestly make more sense in English than in French. Here’s one example where clearly the English came first: This letter to you in the Queen’s English, the wailing of a newborn infant in wanderings, roaming haphazardly, staggering, vacillating, wavering in vacuity in Canadian emptiness, freezing in the Police ice from sea to sea, glorious and free, we stand on guard for thee beneath the shining skies, our home and native land, and the poor Indians, the lost Indian summer, O chère Phyllis, où es-tu, where are you (Gagnon 1989: 12) In the French this is: Cette lettre dans une langue correcte, chant incohérent d’une nouveau-née régulièrement ballotée dans un sens et dans l’autre, errant au hasard, chancelante, vacillante, titubante dans la vacuité du vide canadien, se congelant dans la glace du pôle d’une mer à l’autre, glorieux et libres nous nous tenons au garde-à-vous sous les cieux illuminés de notre pays, et les pauvres Indiens, l’été indien perdu, ô dear Phyllis, where are you (Gagnon 1985: 8) The ‘Queen’s English’, ‘from sea to sea’, ‘glorious and free’ – these idioms are stronger and more coherent than the suggested French equivalents.
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Post-colonial Translation This outs
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Post-colonial Translation Theory an
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To André Lefevere (1945-1996), who
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viii Contents 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s
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Contributors Rosemary Arrojo is Ass
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xii Contributors Bangalore Universi
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2 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
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10 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trived
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Page 33 and 34: 20 Maria Tymoczko be sure) in which
Page 35 and 36: 22 Maria Tymoczko in practice by th
Page 37 and 38: 24 Maria Tymoczko translation, ther
Page 39 and 40: 26 Maria Tymoczko In both cases the
Page 41 and 42: 28 Maria Tymoczko which is frequent
Page 43 and 44: 30 Maria Tymoczko meanings of names
Page 45 and 46: 32 Maria Tymoczko hegemony means th
Page 47 and 48: 34 Maria Tymoczko the dominant cult
Page 49 and 50: 36 Maria Tymoczko Notes 1 See Ngãu
Page 51 and 52: 38 Maria Tymoczko 32 Joyce, for exa
Page 53 and 54: 40 Maria Tymoczko Tymoczko, M. (199
Page 55 and 56: 42 G.J.V. Prasad This is a difficul
Page 57 and 58: 44 G.J.V. Prasad The day rose into
Page 59 and 60: 46 G.J.V. Prasad his childhood base
Page 61 and 62: 48 G.J.V. Prasad sharply demarcates
Page 63 and 64: 50 G.J.V. Prasad English. Almost al
Page 65 and 66: 52 G.J.V. Prasad ‘So I have been
Page 67 and 68: 54 G.J.V. Prasad complaint about Bh
Page 69 and 70: 56 G.J.V. Prasad vibrant Indian Eng
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 Translating and interling
Page 73 and 74: 60 Sherry Simon commercial transact
Page 75 and 76: 62 Sherry Simon which he has select
Page 77 and 78: 64 Sherry Simon them, making them f
Page 79: 66 Sherry Simon writers. Translatio
Page 83 and 84: 70 Sherry Simon texts an extremely
Page 85 and 86: 72 Sherry Simon the creation of new
Page 87 and 88: 74 Sherry Simon Brossard, N. (1987)
Page 89 and 90: 76 André Lefevere An educated memb
Page 91 and 92: 78 André Lefevere to tell the read
Page 93 and 94: 80 André Lefevere incidentally, re
Page 95 and 96: 82 André Lefevere (p. 130), the do
Page 97 and 98: 84 André Lefevere father. The latt
Page 99 and 100: 86 André Lefevere None of them can
Page 101 and 102: 88 André Lefevere The courageous m
Page 103 and 104: 90 André Lefevere The Northern Eur
Page 105 and 106: 92 André Lefevere mouth of a canno
Page 107 and 108: 94 André Lefevere Haren, O.Z. van.
Page 109 and 110: 96 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira perspe
Page 111 and 112: 98 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira parado
Page 113 and 114: 100 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira novel
Page 115 and 116: 102 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira betwe
Page 117 and 118: 104 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira playf
Page 119 and 120: 106 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira daemo
Page 121 and 122: 108 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira alleg
Page 123 and 124: 110 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira Choru
Page 125 and 126: 112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Har
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s theory
Page 129 and 130: 116 Vinay Dharwadker His desire to
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118 Vinay Dharwadker specifically i
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120 Vinay Dharwadker the translator
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122 Vinay Dharwadker one. The Notes
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124 Vinay Dharwadker translation of
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126 Vinay Dharwadker heresari; this
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128 Vinay Dharwadker German) but, a
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130 Vinay Dharwadker Ramanujan’s
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132 Vinay Dharwadker him, he is the
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134 Vinay Dharwadker In pointing ou
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136 Vinay Dharwadker assortment is
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138 Vinay Dharwadker S A.K. Ramanuj
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140 Vinay Dharwadker and the philos
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142 Rosemary Arrojo upon the expedi
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144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Li
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146 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka’s story
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148 Rosemary Arrojo published trans
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150 Rosemary Arrojo make. Cixous ha
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152 Rosemary Arrojo through a certa
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154 Rosemary Arrojo to be in the mo
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156 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka and Joyce
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158 Rosemary Arrojo inside of the f
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160 Rosemary Arrojo References Ambr
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Chapter 8 Shifting grounds of excha
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164 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry
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Chapter 9 Translation and literary
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184 Ganesh Devy classification of t
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186 Ganesh Devy linguistic levels o
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188 Ganesh Devy References Catford,
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190 Bibliography —— ‘Interrog
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192 Bibliography Eliot, T.S. ‘Tra
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194 Bibliography —— A Paixão s
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196 Bibliography Schwab, R. The Ori
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198 Bibliography von Humboldt, W. O
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200 Name Index Ellenwood, Ray 175 E
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