post-colonial_translation

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The case of the Indian English novel 55 negotiates between languages, but comes to inhabit the space of language itself. (Simon 1992: 174) This use of translation, which ‘inhabits the space of language itself’, allows Indian writers to create a space for themselves in between Anglo- American English and Indian culture. This is not unique in any way to Indian English literature or writers. As Samia Mehrez points out, these texts written by post-colonial bilingual subjects create a language ‘in between’ and therefore come to occupy a space ‘in between’. In most cases, the challenge of such space ‘in between’ has been double: these texts seek to decolonize themselves from two oppressors at once, the western ex-colonizer who naively boasts of their existence and ultimately recuperates them and the ‘traditional’, national cultures which shortsightedly deny their importance and consequently marginalize them. (Mehrez 1992: 121) As in the case of their anglophone post-colonial counterparts, English automatically gives Indian English writers an outsider perspective; but it is one that derives from their belonging to Indian culture – it permeates and changes the language and is expressed in and through this hybrid English. Thus the medium of expression is so much part of their creativity that they are not very successful when translated into Indian languages. They are situated in the interface of cultures. This is perhaps why, as A.K. Ramanujam reports, R.K. Narayan is ‘not too well received’ in Tamil or Kannada translation (see Naik 1982: 289). Creating an English that resists easy appropriation by the British or the West as a whole is thus a primary task, but it is complicated by the fact that English does give Indian English writers a Western audience and that the translation skills they put to use primarily address audiences across cultures (including across India). Hence, initially, the earlier Indian English writers employ footnotes and/or glossaries to explain certain terms. Anand records that he deliberately gave up this practice: ‘while I used glossaries of Indian words with their translations, at the end of my novels, in the first few years, I have not offered these appendices for some years now’ (Anand 1979: 36). Recent Indian English writers who publish in India do not do so because they see their primary audience in India itself, and not because they feel easier with the language or because there is an acceptable and
56 G.J.V. Prasad vibrant Indian English available to them. Rushdie may be right when he says that ‘The children of independent India seem not to think of English as being irredeemably tainted by its colonial provenance. They use it as an Indian language, as one of the tools they have to hand’ (Rushdie 1991: 64). But their contexts have not changed; English is not the language of the streets or even the most-spoken or preferred language in offices. There is a greater acceptance of code-switching and codemixing and overall a less puritanical attitude to language, but all that this has achieved is a greater legitimacy for Indianisms in English. Indian writers will have to accept the challenge of writing about non-English speakers and non-English cultures, as well as about people who speak English but not all the time and never purely so. They will have to use strategies of translation, still be aware of having audiences across cultures. R.K. Narayan was once asked if his texts are ever translated into English. He could easily have replied that they are, in the original – partially at least. Note This chapter would not have been possible without initial suggestions from Harish Trivedi and later discussions with N. Kamala. References Anand, M.R. (1979) ‘Pigeon Indian: some notes on Indian English writing’, in M.K. Naik (ed.), Aspects of Indian Writing in English: Essays in Honour of Professor K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar (Madras: Macmillan). Bhabha, H. (1990)‘Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative’, in D.T. Goldberg (ed.), Anatomy of Racism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). Dyson, K.K. (1993)‘Forging a bilingual identity: a writer’s testimony’, in P. Burton, K.K. Dyson and S. Ardener (eds), Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use (Oxford: Berg). Kachru, B. (1983) The Indianization of English: The English Language in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). —— (1989) The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non-native Englishes (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Kachru, Y. (1992) ‘The Indian face of English’, Seminar 391 (March). Mehrez, S. (1992) ‘Translation and the post-colonial experience: the francophone North African text’, in L. Venuti (ed.), Rethinking Translation: Discourse Subjectivity Ideology (London: Routledge). Mukherjee, M. (1971) The Twice Born Fiction (New Delhi: Heinemann).
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Post-colonial Translation This outs
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Post-colonial Translation Theory an
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To André Lefevere (1945-1996), who
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viii Contents 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s
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Contributors Rosemary Arrojo is Ass
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xii Contributors Bangalore Universi
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2 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
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Page 33 and 34: 20 Maria Tymoczko be sure) in which
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Page 37 and 38: 24 Maria Tymoczko translation, ther
Page 39 and 40: 26 Maria Tymoczko In both cases the
Page 41 and 42: 28 Maria Tymoczko which is frequent
Page 43 and 44: 30 Maria Tymoczko meanings of names
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Page 47 and 48: 34 Maria Tymoczko the dominant cult
Page 49 and 50: 36 Maria Tymoczko Notes 1 See Ngãu
Page 51 and 52: 38 Maria Tymoczko 32 Joyce, for exa
Page 53 and 54: 40 Maria Tymoczko Tymoczko, M. (199
Page 55 and 56: 42 G.J.V. Prasad This is a difficul
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Page 59 and 60: 46 G.J.V. Prasad his childhood base
Page 61 and 62: 48 G.J.V. Prasad sharply demarcates
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Page 65 and 66: 52 G.J.V. Prasad ‘So I have been
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Page 85 and 86: 72 Sherry Simon the creation of new
Page 87 and 88: 74 Sherry Simon Brossard, N. (1987)
Page 89 and 90: 76 André Lefevere An educated memb
Page 91 and 92: 78 André Lefevere to tell the read
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Page 95 and 96: 82 André Lefevere (p. 130), the do
Page 97 and 98: 84 André Lefevere father. The latt
Page 99 and 100: 86 André Lefevere None of them can
Page 101 and 102: 88 André Lefevere The courageous m
Page 103 and 104: 90 André Lefevere The Northern Eur
Page 105 and 106: 92 André Lefevere mouth of a canno
Page 107 and 108: 94 André Lefevere Haren, O.Z. van.
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106 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira daemo
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108 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira alleg
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110 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira Choru
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112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Har
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Chapter 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s theory
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116 Vinay Dharwadker His desire to
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118 Vinay Dharwadker specifically i
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120 Vinay Dharwadker the translator
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122 Vinay Dharwadker one. The Notes
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124 Vinay Dharwadker translation of
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126 Vinay Dharwadker heresari; this
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128 Vinay Dharwadker German) but, a
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130 Vinay Dharwadker Ramanujan’s
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132 Vinay Dharwadker him, he is the
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134 Vinay Dharwadker In pointing ou
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136 Vinay Dharwadker assortment is
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138 Vinay Dharwadker S A.K. Ramanuj
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140 Vinay Dharwadker and the philos
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142 Rosemary Arrojo upon the expedi
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144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Li
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146 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka’s story
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148 Rosemary Arrojo published trans
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150 Rosemary Arrojo make. Cixous ha
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152 Rosemary Arrojo through a certa
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154 Rosemary Arrojo to be in the mo
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156 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka and Joyce
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158 Rosemary Arrojo inside of the f
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160 Rosemary Arrojo References Ambr
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Chapter 8 Shifting grounds of excha
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164 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry
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Chapter 9 Translation and literary
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184 Ganesh Devy classification of t
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186 Ganesh Devy linguistic levels o
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188 Ganesh Devy References Catford,
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190 Bibliography —— ‘Interrog
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192 Bibliography Eliot, T.S. ‘Tra
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194 Bibliography —— A Paixão s
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196 Bibliography Schwab, R. The Ori
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198 Bibliography von Humboldt, W. O
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200 Name Index Ellenwood, Ray 175 E
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