post-colonial_translation

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Translation and literary history 185 open and extended system If translation is defined as some kind of communication of significance, and if we accept the structuralist principle that communication becomes possible because of the nature of signs and their entire system, it follows that translation is a merger of sign systems. Such a merger is possible because systems of signs are open and vulnerable. The translating consciousness exploits the potential openness of language systems; and as it shifts significance from a given verbal form to a corresponding but different verbal form it also brings closer the materially different sign systems. If we take a lead from phenomenology and conceptualize a whole community of ‘translating consciousness’ it should be possible to develop a theory of interlingual synonymy as well as a more perceptive literary historiography. The concept of a ‘translating consciousness’ and communities of people possessing it are no mere notions. In most Third World countries, where a dominating colonial language has acquired a privileged place, such communities do exist. In India several languages are simultaneously used by language communities as if these languages formed a continuous spectrum of signs and significance. The use of two or more different languages in translation activity cannot be understood properly through studies of foreign-language acquisition. Such theories work round the premise that there inevitably is a chronological gap and an order or a priority of scale in languagelearning situations. The field is stratified in terms of value-based indicators L1 and L2, though in reality language-learning activity may seem very natural in a country like India. In Chomsky’s linguistics the concept of semantic universals plays an important role. However, his level of abstraction marks the farthest limits to which the monolingual Saussurean linguistic materialism can be stretched. In actual practice, even in Europe, the translating consciousness treats the SL and TL as parts of a larger and continuous spectrum of various intersecting systems of verbal signs. Owing to the structuralist unwillingness to acknowledge the existence of any non-systemic or extra-systemic core of significance, the concept of synonymy in the West has remained inadequate to explain translation activity. And in the absence of a linguistic theory based on a multilingual perspective or on translation practice, the translation thought in the West overstates the validity of the concept of synonymy. J.C. Catford presents a comprehensive statement of theoretical formulation about the linguistics of translation in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, in which he seeks to isolate various
186 Ganesh Devy linguistic levels of translation. His basic premise is that since translation is a linguistic act any theory of translation must emerge from linguistics: ‘Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another; clearly, then, any theory of translation must draw upon a theory of language – a general linguistic theory’ (Gatford, 1965, p. vii). The privileged discourse of general linguistics today is closely interlinked with developments in anthropology, particularly after Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss. During the nineteenth century, Europe had distributed various fields of humanistic knowledge into a threefold hierarchy: comparative studies for Europe, Orientalism for the Orient, and anthropology for the rest of the world. In its various phases of development modern Western linguistics has connections with all these. After the ‘discovery’ of Sanskrit by Sir William Jones, historical linguistics in Europe depended heavily on Orientalism. For a long time afterwards linguistics followed the path of comparative philology. And after Saussure and Lévi-Strauss, linguistics started treating language with an anthropological curiosity. When linguistics branched off to its monolingual structuralist path, comparative literature still persisted in its faith in the translatability of literary texts. Comparative literature implies that between two related languages there are areas of significance that are shared, just as there may be areas of significance that can never be shared. Translation can be seen as an attempt to bring a given language system in its entirety as close as possible to the areas of significance that it shares with another given language or languages. All translations operate within this shared area of significance. Such a notion may help us distinguish synonymy within one language and the shared significance between two related languages. The translation problem is not just a linguistic problem. It is an aesthetic and ideological problem with an important bearing on the question of literary history. Literary translation is not just a replication of a text in another verbal system of signs. It is a replication of an ordered sub-system of signs within a given language in another corresponding ordered sub-system of signs within a related language. Translation is not a transposition of significance or signs. After the act of translation is over, the original work still remains in its original position. Translation is rather an attempted revitalization of the original in another verbal order and
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Post-colonial Translation This outs
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Post-colonial Translation Theory an
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To André Lefevere (1945-1996), who
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viii Contents 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s
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Contributors Rosemary Arrojo is Ass
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xii Contributors Bangalore Universi
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2 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
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10 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trived
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20 Maria Tymoczko be sure) in which
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22 Maria Tymoczko in practice by th
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24 Maria Tymoczko translation, ther
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26 Maria Tymoczko In both cases the
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28 Maria Tymoczko which is frequent
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30 Maria Tymoczko meanings of names
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32 Maria Tymoczko hegemony means th
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34 Maria Tymoczko the dominant cult
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36 Maria Tymoczko Notes 1 See Ngãu
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38 Maria Tymoczko 32 Joyce, for exa
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40 Maria Tymoczko Tymoczko, M. (199
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42 G.J.V. Prasad This is a difficul
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44 G.J.V. Prasad The day rose into
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46 G.J.V. Prasad his childhood base
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48 G.J.V. Prasad sharply demarcates
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50 G.J.V. Prasad English. Almost al
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52 G.J.V. Prasad ‘So I have been
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54 G.J.V. Prasad complaint about Bh
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56 G.J.V. Prasad vibrant Indian Eng
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Chapter 3 Translating and interling
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60 Sherry Simon commercial transact
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62 Sherry Simon which he has select
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64 Sherry Simon them, making them f
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66 Sherry Simon writers. Translatio
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68 Sherry Simon Jeanne, the 12-year
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70 Sherry Simon texts an extremely
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72 Sherry Simon the creation of new
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74 Sherry Simon Brossard, N. (1987)
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76 André Lefevere An educated memb
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78 André Lefevere to tell the read
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80 André Lefevere incidentally, re
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82 André Lefevere (p. 130), the do
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84 André Lefevere father. The latt
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86 André Lefevere None of them can
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88 André Lefevere The courageous m
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90 André Lefevere The Northern Eur
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92 André Lefevere mouth of a canno
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94 André Lefevere Haren, O.Z. van.
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96 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira perspe
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98 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira parado
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100 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira novel
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102 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira betwe
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104 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira playf
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106 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira daemo
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108 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira alleg
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110 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira Choru
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112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Har
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Chapter 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s theory
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116 Vinay Dharwadker His desire to
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118 Vinay Dharwadker specifically i
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120 Vinay Dharwadker the translator
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122 Vinay Dharwadker one. The Notes
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124 Vinay Dharwadker translation of
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126 Vinay Dharwadker heresari; this
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128 Vinay Dharwadker German) but, a
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130 Vinay Dharwadker Ramanujan’s
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132 Vinay Dharwadker him, he is the
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Page 151 and 152: 138 Vinay Dharwadker S A.K. Ramanuj
Page 153 and 154: 140 Vinay Dharwadker and the philos
Page 155 and 156: 142 Rosemary Arrojo upon the expedi
Page 157 and 158: 144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Li
Page 159 and 160: 146 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka’s story
Page 161 and 162: 148 Rosemary Arrojo published trans
Page 163 and 164: 150 Rosemary Arrojo make. Cixous ha
Page 165 and 166: 152 Rosemary Arrojo through a certa
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Page 169 and 170: 156 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka and Joyce
Page 171 and 172: 158 Rosemary Arrojo inside of the f
Page 173 and 174: 160 Rosemary Arrojo References Ambr
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 8 Shifting grounds of excha
Page 177 and 178: 164 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 9 Translation and literary
Page 197: 184 Ganesh Devy classification of t
Page 201 and 202: 188 Ganesh Devy References Catford,
Page 203 and 204: 190 Bibliography —— ‘Interrog
Page 205 and 206: 192 Bibliography Eliot, T.S. ‘Tra
Page 207 and 208: 194 Bibliography —— A Paixão s
Page 209 and 210: 196 Bibliography Schwab, R. The Ori
Page 211 and 212: 198 Bibliography von Humboldt, W. O
Page 213 and 214: 200 Name Index Ellenwood, Ray 175 E
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