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Srikantaiah and Kannada translation 179 1944, 1955, 1957, 1959), Gogol 1957, Turgenev 1957, Tolstoy 1946, 1951, 1959, 1961, Pushkin 1956, Chekhov 1962. However, the 1960s offer a more heterogeneous picture which includes the all-time favourites Wordsworth, Shelley and Byron, but also American writers (Poe, 1961, and Whitman, 1966) and Jane Austen 1961, Shaw 1963, Dickens 1960 and Hardy 1959. From: Bibliography of Translations into Kannada (Mysore, 1984). 17 S. Chandrashekar, Srinidhi (Bangalore: B.M. Shri, 1985), pp. 129–42. Chandrashekar points out that BMS was probably too close to the royalty to partake of the spirit of Indian nationalism led by Gandhi which inspired every other major writer of the time. 18 For the central creative role of imitation in the European Classical period, see Joel Weinsheimer, Imitation (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984). 19 A.K. Ramanujan’s role within the development of Kannada literature is at once marginal and decisive. As a writer in the Kannada language, his influence is rather limited. AKR wrote poetry and short stories in Kannada, and remained an active participant on the Kannada writing scene – even if he spent much of his time in the USA. But it was not this writing which was decisive in establishing him as an important figure, nor the poetry that he wrote in English. Rather, it was his translations from Kannada and Tamil into English. These translations were from the medieval Kannada tradition (the Vacanas) in Speaking of Siva (1973) and from the Tamil Poems of Love and War (1986), but also from contemporary Kannada literature, Samskara by Ananthamurthy (1975), Rotti by Lankesh (1973), Song of the Earth by Adiga (1968). 20 Niranjana 1992. Niranjana has translated a number of works from Kannada including the novel Phaniyamma. 21 As a minority language in North America, as a culturally weak language within the Canadian confederation (until the great nationalist revival beginning in the 1960s), French was for a long time very much the dominated partner in this national dialogue. Translational relations were therefore asymmetrical, and this difference of perspective was reflected in the way translators understood their mandate. Historically, prefaces to translations of French-Canadian literature into English tend to emphasize the humanistic functions of translation, the political desirability of increased cultural interchange between the peoples of Canada; discourse on translation in Quebec has been concerned with the importance of defending the French language against the interferences of an all-powerful English-language culture. 22 Yet other kinds of considerations come into play in the translation of English-language literature into French. See Annie Brisset, Sociocriticism of Translation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996). 23 Edward Said: ‘some notion of literature and indeed all culture as hybrid . . . and encumbered, or entangled and overlapping with what used to be regarded as extraneous elements – this strikes me as the essential idea for the revolutionary realities’ (Culture and Imperialism, p. 317).
180 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry Simon References Ahmad, A. (1992) In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (Bombay: Oxford University Press). Ananthanarayana S. (1962) Hosagannada Kaviteya Mele English Kavyada Prabhava (The Influence of English Poetry on the Modern Kannada Poem) (Bangalore: Rajalaxmi Prakashana). Aniketana. Journal of Kannada literature in English. Das, S.K. (1995) A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956 (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi). Devi, M. (1995) Imaginary Maps, trans. G. Spivak (New York and London: Routledge). Devy, G.N. (1993) In Another Tongue: Essays on Indian English Literature (Chennai: Macmillan India Ltd). Hall, S. (1996) ‘When was the “post-colonial” Thinking at the limit’, in I. Chambers, and L. Curti (eds), The Post-Colonial Question (London and New York: Routledge). Havanur, S. (1974) Hosakannada Arunodaya (The Renaissance in Modern Kannada), Mysore: Kannada Studies Centre, Mysore University. Indian Literature 162 (Jul.–Aug. 1994) special issue: ‘Remembering A.K. Ramanujan: On the Art of Translation’. Indian Literature 168 (Jul.–Aug. 1995) ‘Kannada Short Story Today’. Joshi, S. (ed.) (1991) Rethinking English: Essays in Literature, Language, History (New Delhi: Trianka). Kurthakoti, K. (1992) ‘Bhashantara Matthu Punarlekhana’ (‘Translation and Rewriting’) in Bayalu-Alaya (Hampi: Kannada University Press). Loomba, A. and Kaul, S. (eds) (1994) On India: Writing History, Culture, Post-Coloniality. Oxford Literary Review 16 (1/2) (special issue). Mukherjee, M. (1985) Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press). Mukherjee, S. (1994) Translation as Discovery (London: Sangam Books). Niranjana, T. (1992) Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press). Ramunajan, A.K. (trans.) (1973) Speaking of Siva (Harmondsworth: Penguin). — (1991) Folktales from India (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Rao, R.R. (1910) The Art of Translation: A Critical Study (repr. by Bhartiya Anuvad Parishad, Delhi, n.d.). Rice, E.P. (1921) A History of Kanarese Literature, 2nd edn (Calcutta: Association Press and Oxford University Press). Said, E. (1993) Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf). Sharma, R. (1984) ‘English Githagalu as Transcreation’, in B.M. Shri: The Man and His Mission (Bangalore: Prathishtana). Simon, S. (1992) ‘The language of cultural difference: figures of alterity in Canadian translation’, in L. Venuti (ed.), Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology (London and New York: Routledge).
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Post-colonial Translation This outs
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Post-colonial Translation Theory an
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To André Lefevere (1945-1996), who
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viii Contents 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s
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Contributors Rosemary Arrojo is Ass
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xii Contributors Bangalore Universi
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2 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
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10 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trived
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20 Maria Tymoczko be sure) in which
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22 Maria Tymoczko in practice by th
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24 Maria Tymoczko translation, ther
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26 Maria Tymoczko In both cases the
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28 Maria Tymoczko which is frequent
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30 Maria Tymoczko meanings of names
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32 Maria Tymoczko hegemony means th
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34 Maria Tymoczko the dominant cult
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36 Maria Tymoczko Notes 1 See Ngãu
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38 Maria Tymoczko 32 Joyce, for exa
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40 Maria Tymoczko Tymoczko, M. (199
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42 G.J.V. Prasad This is a difficul
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44 G.J.V. Prasad The day rose into
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46 G.J.V. Prasad his childhood base
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48 G.J.V. Prasad sharply demarcates
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50 G.J.V. Prasad English. Almost al
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52 G.J.V. Prasad ‘So I have been
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54 G.J.V. Prasad complaint about Bh
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56 G.J.V. Prasad vibrant Indian Eng
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Chapter 3 Translating and interling
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60 Sherry Simon commercial transact
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62 Sherry Simon which he has select
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64 Sherry Simon them, making them f
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66 Sherry Simon writers. Translatio
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68 Sherry Simon Jeanne, the 12-year
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70 Sherry Simon texts an extremely
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72 Sherry Simon the creation of new
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74 Sherry Simon Brossard, N. (1987)
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76 André Lefevere An educated memb
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78 André Lefevere to tell the read
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80 André Lefevere incidentally, re
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82 André Lefevere (p. 130), the do
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84 André Lefevere father. The latt
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86 André Lefevere None of them can
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88 André Lefevere The courageous m
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90 André Lefevere The Northern Eur
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92 André Lefevere mouth of a canno
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94 André Lefevere Haren, O.Z. van.
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96 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira perspe
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98 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira parado
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100 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira novel
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102 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira betwe
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104 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira playf
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106 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira daemo
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108 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira alleg
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110 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira Choru
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112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Har
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Chapter 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s theory
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116 Vinay Dharwadker His desire to
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118 Vinay Dharwadker specifically i
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120 Vinay Dharwadker the translator
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122 Vinay Dharwadker one. The Notes
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124 Vinay Dharwadker translation of
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126 Vinay Dharwadker heresari; this
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Page 155 and 156: 142 Rosemary Arrojo upon the expedi
Page 157 and 158: 144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Li
Page 159 and 160: 146 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka’s story
Page 161 and 162: 148 Rosemary Arrojo published trans
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Page 165 and 166: 152 Rosemary Arrojo through a certa
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Page 169 and 170: 156 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka and Joyce
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Page 177 and 178: 164 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry
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Page 197 and 198: 184 Ganesh Devy classification of t
Page 199 and 200: 186 Ganesh Devy linguistic levels o
Page 201 and 202: 188 Ganesh Devy References Catford,
Page 203 and 204: 190 Bibliography —— ‘Interrog
Page 205 and 206: 192 Bibliography Eliot, T.S. ‘Tra
Page 207 and 208: 194 Bibliography —— A Paixão s
Page 209 and 210: 196 Bibliography Schwab, R. The Ori
Page 211 and 212: 198 Bibliography von Humboldt, W. O
Page 213 and 214: 200 Name Index Ellenwood, Ray 175 E
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