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Srikantaiah and Kannada translation 167 were given up. According to Havanur, the modern Kannada short poem came into being around 1838 through the invocation poems translated by the Christian missionaries. Another stimulus to modern Kannada literature came with the need to provide textbooks in Kannada for younger children. Many translated poems, specifically designed to provide an idiom familiar to the spoken language, were included in these textbooks. In 1873, the First Book of Kannada Poetry, containing poems like ‘Advice to Young Girls’, ‘Glory to Victoria’ and ‘Monkey’s Game’, was published. This poetry was to be free of the bombast of traditional Sanskrit poetry, while aiming at simplicity and clearness compatible with the spoken dialect. S.G. Narasimhacharya published a collection of simple poems for children, as well as Aesop’s Fables. 10 These translations were not particularly accomplished from an aesthetic point of view; they were important, rather, for their role in creating a new readership for Kannada. By the end of the nineteenth century, under the influence of English literature, and following the Bengali and Marathi examples, new genres featuring the personal experience of the writer were introduced into Kannada literature: lyric poetry, the travelogue, the diary, the biography, the novel. Many of the new writers came from journalism (Havanur, 1974). But it was only with the work of BMS in 1921 that the lyric as a form really took hold in Kannada. The work of BMS, largely recognized as the most fully accomplished creative use of translation at this time, is to be seen, therefore, against the backdrop of a period intensely interested in translation as a way of coming to terms with British influence and in altering the canonical forms of Kannada literature. 11 The generalized interest in issues of translation, and the seriousness with which these issues were treated, can be observed in a remarkable treatise published in English in Mysore in 1910. The Art of Translation: A Critical Study by R. Raghunath Rao, BA is an admirably perceptive study of translation ethics and technique, prepared for university students in Mysore and Bangalore. Apart from the clear and forthright tone of the essay, and its sharp and well-documented critique of translations of Shakuntala by B.L. Rice (and to some extent of Monier Williams), what is most striking about Rao’s views is his awareness that translation adequacy must be judged in the light of the evolving dynamics between cultures. The degree of success of cultural transmission depends on the political and cultural forces operating at that moment.
168 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry Simon In the Kannada milieu of that time, the nature of the forces at work were clear enough. English literature was the ‘gift’ of the colonizers. The obvious disparity of cultural power between English and Kannada literature was largely interpreted in one way: the wealth of English literature was to be used in the service of Kannada. In November 1907, M.D. Alasingaracharya (1877–1940), a well-known writer and scholar in Kannada and Sanskrit, wrote: It is wrong to totally decry or accept the West. If we reject translations and stick only to our own traditions, we lose out on capitalizing on these translations. On the other hand, if we study only English and ignore our languages, the study itself will be purposeless. Therefore, if we can view both languages with an unprejudiced mind, then it will give an impetus to the development of the Kannada language. Therefore, all of us who have English education should never forget our primary aim of improving our own language and our own land. Unless we are bilingual, this is impossible. (Ananthanarayana, 1962, pp. 28–9) The same sentiment is echoed by A.B. Srikantaiah, yet another Kannada scholar, when in 1915 he says: There are two ways to develop our mother tongue. Either the native language should be strong within itself. When that is not so, we have to gain this strength through translations. Therefore, all English-educated people, if you don’t wake up and develop your languages and translate writing that is relevant for us today, we shall excommunicate you. (ibid.) THE WORK BMS was by profession an English teacher with an MA (Eng.) from Madras University. During the early years of his career he refused to speak in Kannada, and published A Handbook of Rhetoric (1912) in English. Later, though, he became a fervent Kannada activist and contributed in many ways to the promotion of Kannada literature. Using his institutional power at the University of Mysore, he helped to set up an MA in Kannada literature, organized publishing avenues
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Post-colonial Translation This outs
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Post-colonial Translation Theory an
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To André Lefevere (1945-1996), who
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viii Contents 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s
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Contributors Rosemary Arrojo is Ass
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xii Contributors Bangalore Universi
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2 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi
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10 Susan Bassnett and Harish Trived
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20 Maria Tymoczko be sure) in which
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22 Maria Tymoczko in practice by th
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24 Maria Tymoczko translation, ther
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26 Maria Tymoczko In both cases the
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28 Maria Tymoczko which is frequent
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30 Maria Tymoczko meanings of names
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32 Maria Tymoczko hegemony means th
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34 Maria Tymoczko the dominant cult
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36 Maria Tymoczko Notes 1 See Ngãu
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38 Maria Tymoczko 32 Joyce, for exa
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40 Maria Tymoczko Tymoczko, M. (199
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42 G.J.V. Prasad This is a difficul
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44 G.J.V. Prasad The day rose into
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46 G.J.V. Prasad his childhood base
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48 G.J.V. Prasad sharply demarcates
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50 G.J.V. Prasad English. Almost al
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52 G.J.V. Prasad ‘So I have been
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54 G.J.V. Prasad complaint about Bh
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56 G.J.V. Prasad vibrant Indian Eng
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Chapter 3 Translating and interling
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60 Sherry Simon commercial transact
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62 Sherry Simon which he has select
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64 Sherry Simon them, making them f
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66 Sherry Simon writers. Translatio
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68 Sherry Simon Jeanne, the 12-year
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70 Sherry Simon texts an extremely
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72 Sherry Simon the creation of new
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74 Sherry Simon Brossard, N. (1987)
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76 André Lefevere An educated memb
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78 André Lefevere to tell the read
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80 André Lefevere incidentally, re
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82 André Lefevere (p. 130), the do
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84 André Lefevere father. The latt
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86 André Lefevere None of them can
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88 André Lefevere The courageous m
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90 André Lefevere The Northern Eur
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92 André Lefevere mouth of a canno
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94 André Lefevere Haren, O.Z. van.
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96 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira perspe
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98 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira parado
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100 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira novel
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102 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira betwe
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104 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira playf
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106 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira daemo
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108 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira alleg
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110 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira Choru
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112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Har
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Chapter 6 A.K. Ramanujan’s theory
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Page 133 and 134: 120 Vinay Dharwadker the translator
Page 135 and 136: 122 Vinay Dharwadker one. The Notes
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Page 141 and 142: 128 Vinay Dharwadker German) but, a
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Page 151 and 152: 138 Vinay Dharwadker S A.K. Ramanuj
Page 153 and 154: 140 Vinay Dharwadker and the philos
Page 155 and 156: 142 Rosemary Arrojo upon the expedi
Page 157 and 158: 144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Li
Page 159 and 160: 146 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka’s story
Page 161 and 162: 148 Rosemary Arrojo published trans
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Page 165 and 166: 152 Rosemary Arrojo through a certa
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Page 169 and 170: 156 Rosemary Arrojo Kafka and Joyce
Page 171 and 172: 158 Rosemary Arrojo inside of the f
Page 173 and 174: 160 Rosemary Arrojo References Ambr
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Page 177 and 178: 164 Vanamala Viswanatha and Sherry
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Page 197 and 198: 184 Ganesh Devy classification of t
Page 199 and 200: 186 Ganesh Devy linguistic levels o
Page 201 and 202: 188 Ganesh Devy References Catford,
Page 203 and 204: 190 Bibliography —— ‘Interrog
Page 205 and 206: 192 Bibliography Eliot, T.S. ‘Tra
Page 207 and 208: 194 Bibliography —— A Paixão s
Page 209 and 210: 196 Bibliography Schwab, R. The Ori
Page 211 and 212: 198 Bibliography von Humboldt, W. O
Page 213 and 214: 200 Name Index Ellenwood, Ray 175 E
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