post-colonial_translation
post-colonial_translation post-colonial_translation
Cixous, Lispector and fidelity 143 we examine them from the perspective of Jacques Lacan’s notion of ‘the subject presumed to know’. If ‘transference is the acting-out of the reality of the unconscious,’ the bond that brings together the subaltern and the dominant is not merely the outcome of a violent experience, but also an emotional, and even an erotic affair. ‘I deemed it necessary’, writes Lacan, ‘to support the idea of transference, as indistinguishable from love, with the formula of the subject presumed to know. [ . . . ] The person in whom I presume knowledge to exist thereby acquires my love’ (quoted in Felman 1987, pp. 87, 86). In what I have described here as a paradigmatic scene of colonization, as well as in the general plot that opposes the subaltern’s openness towards the dominant to the latter’s impenetrability towards the former, we may say that the dominant culture plays the role of ‘the subject presumed to know’, the unquestioned and unquestionable ‘self-sufficient, self-possessed proprietor of knowledge’ (ibid., pp. 87, 84). At the same time that the subaltern culture desires the knowledge which supposedly belongs to the dominant, the latter never doubts the legitimacy of its status as the owner and guardian of such knowledge. Consequently, from such a perspective, the tragedy of the subaltern is precisely the blindness with which it devotes itself to this transferential love that only serves the interests of the dominant and feeds the illusion of ‘the subject presumed to know’, as it also legitimates the latter’s power to decide what is proper and what is not, what is desirable and what is not. And since this is a story of love but, first of all, also of asymmetries, the fascination which the subaltern feels towards the dominant is never truly reciprocated, at least within the colonial context. In a predictable counteractive move, it has been the explicit overall goal of post-colonial theorists to subvert and even to transform the basic asymmetrical narratives constructed by colonialism by means of the recognition and the celebration of heterogeneity. Among such theories, some trends in contemporary feminism have been particularly forceful in defending a non-violent approach to difference which allegedly offers a pacifistic alternative to the age-old models imposed by patriarchy and colonialism. The prominent French feminist Hélène Cixous’s highly influential thinking largely derived from her notion of the ‘feminine’ as transcending the traditional biological opposition between men and women (1975) is certainly one of the best-known examples of such efforts. The main object of this chapter is precisely one of Cixous’s most ambitious projects which is a remarkable illustration of the contradictions implied by her notion of the feminine: her textual ‘affair’
144 Rosemary Arrojo with Clarice Lispector, the Brazilian novelist and short-story writer whose work began to be known outside Brazil only after it was literally adopted and celebrated by her most illustrious reader. Interestingly enough, the story of this affair began on an anniversary of Columbus’s ‘discovery’ of America. In a book specially dedicated to honouring Lispector’s texts, Cixous writes: Like a voice from a birth town, it brought me insights I once had, intimate insights, naive and knowing, ancient and fresh like the yellow and violet color of freshias rediscovered, this voice was unknown to me, it reached me on the twelfth of October 1978, this voice was not searching for me, it was writing to no one, to all women, to writing, in a foreign tongue. I do not speak it, but my heart understands it, and its silent words in all the veins of my life have translated themselves into mad blood, into joy-blood. (Cixous 1979b, p. 10) The primary task I intend to undertake here is the examination of the main implications of Cixous’s allegedly nonaggressive ‘discovery’ of Lispector and the contours of the devoted relationship which she has established with the Brazilian writer, and which has been perceived as a reversal of the paradigm of colonial, patriarchal encounters even by a sensitive critic of Cixous’s treatment of Lispector like Marta Peixoto, for whom ‘Cixous’s reception of Lispector inverts the usual colonial and post-colonial dynamic whereby Latin Americans translate and celebrate literatures from Europe and the United States’ (Peixoto 1994, p. 40). In other words, in the Cixous/Lispector story, it is the influential European who would be playing the role of the seduced, faithful reader as she transforms the Brazilian writer into the very source of her own productivity both as a writer and as a thinker. However, as I will try to argue, Cixous’s feminist approach to reading which professes to treat the texts as well as the authorial name of Clarice Lispector with ‘extreme fidelity’ and outside the traditional opposition between dominant and subaltern, is far from letting the alterity of Lispector’s work speak as such and, in fact, ends up serving and celebrating its own interests and goals. From such a perspective, how to characterize the dialogue that has been taking place between the author Clarice Lispector, her ‘foreignness’, the language in which she wrote her texts; and Cixous, widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of our time and the Brazilian writer’s best-known reader so far Or, if I may state the same question
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144 Rosemary Arrojo<br />
with Clarice Lispector, the Brazilian novelist and short-story writer<br />
whose work began to be known outside Brazil only after it was literally<br />
adopted and celebrated by her most illustrious reader. Interestingly<br />
enough, the story of this affair began on an anniversary of Columbus’s<br />
‘discovery’ of America. In a book specially dedicated to honouring<br />
Lispector’s texts, Cixous writes:<br />
Like a voice from a birth town, it brought me insights I once had,<br />
intimate insights, naive and knowing, ancient and fresh like the<br />
yellow and violet color of freshias rediscovered, this voice was<br />
unknown to me, it reached me on the twelfth of October 1978,<br />
this voice was not searching for me, it was writing to no one, to<br />
all women, to writing, in a foreign tongue. I do not speak it, but<br />
my heart understands it, and its silent words in all the veins of my<br />
life have translated themselves into mad blood, into joy-blood.<br />
(Cixous 1979b, p. 10)<br />
The primary task I intend to undertake here is the examination of the<br />
main implications of Cixous’s allegedly nonaggressive ‘discovery’ of<br />
Lispector and the contours of the devoted relationship which she has<br />
established with the Brazilian writer, and which has been perceived<br />
as a reversal of the paradigm of <strong>colonial</strong>, patriarchal encounters even<br />
by a sensitive critic of Cixous’s treatment of Lispector like Marta<br />
Peixoto, for whom ‘Cixous’s reception of Lispector inverts the usual<br />
<strong>colonial</strong> and <strong>post</strong>-<strong>colonial</strong> dynamic whereby Latin Americans<br />
translate and celebrate literatures from Europe and the United States’<br />
(Peixoto 1994, p. 40). In other words, in the Cixous/Lispector story,<br />
it is the influential European who would be playing the role of the<br />
seduced, faithful reader as she transforms the Brazilian writer into<br />
the very source of her own productivity both as a writer and as a<br />
thinker. However, as I will try to argue, Cixous’s feminist approach<br />
to reading which professes to treat the texts as well as the authorial<br />
name of Clarice Lispector with ‘extreme fidelity’ and outside the<br />
traditional opposition between dominant and subaltern, is far from<br />
letting the alterity of Lispector’s work speak as such and, in fact, ends<br />
up serving and celebrating its own interests and goals. From such a<br />
perspective, how to characterize the dialogue that has been taking<br />
place between the author Clarice Lispector, her ‘foreignness’, the<br />
language in which she wrote her texts; and Cixous, widely regarded<br />
as one of the most influential thinkers of our time and the Brazilian<br />
writer’s best-known reader so far Or, if I may state the same question