post-colonial_translation
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Harold ode Campos’ poetics of transcreation 111 that imitators are inferior to the things they copy, they are always in the vanguard’ (ibid.: xix). At the very least, Schwarz might be said to be downplaying the Paz–de Campos challenge to reductivism regarding the role of economics in artistic and cultural expression which I have already discussed. Most recently, Bernard McGuirk, in his Latin American Literature: Symptoms, Risks and Strategies of Post-Structuralist Criticism (1997), further interrogates Schwarz regarding the latter’s claim that ‘the key trick played by the concretists, always concerned to organize Brazilian and world literature so that it culminates in them, is a tendency which sets up a confusion between theory and self-advertisement’ (Schwarz 1992: 191–5). McGuirk asks: ‘Are we to be locked again into the long familiar tensions of a Nietzche– Marx binary’ (McGuirk 1997: 8–9). His own proposal is pertinent not only to his primary purpose of ‘locating inequality’ in critical appropriations of Latin American literatures and cultures but also to the very questions of translation raised by Haroldo de Campos: How, then, is the encounter with the other to be represented . . . Just as I have made the claim for overlapping (or, to re-use a by now familiar Brazilian metaphor, mutually feeding) critical discourses, I would argue, too, that the Levinasian focus I have chosen is but one mode whereby cultures and societies might be theorized differently. Rather than the utopian horizontal of materialism, or the religious verticality of transcendentalism, a trans-jectory of movement both across frontiers and through the uplifts of self in other, other in self, becomes operative. Through such translation the writing self is to be located in writing others – multi-epigraphically, mosaically. (ibid.: 16–17) Readers everywhere will expect no definitive answers regarding such polemics, but it is my contention that the specifically Brazilian experience demonstrably exemplifies the necessity of the discursive dislocatability of all translations. Notes 1 For the present essay, I acknowledge the recent invaluable assistance of Haroldo de Campos himself. Space constraints do not allow me to do justice to his work – a lifetime dedicated to literature, criticism, translation as an art, in a total of forty books. For an extended study of his brother Augusto de Campos’ specific relation to Antropofagia and increasing move towards visual translation see Vieira 1997.
112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira 2 Haroldo de Campos’ Da Razão Antropofágica: Diálogo e Diferença na Cultura Brasileira was produced in 1980 and first published in Portuguese in Lisbon in 1981, then reprinted in Brazil in the fourth revised and enlarged edition of the collection of essays Metalinguagem e Outras Metas (1992), pp. 231–56. References and quotations throughout this text will be made from the 1986 English version, ‘The Rule of Anthropophagy: Europe under the Sign of Devoration. 3 References here will be to the version reprinted in the fourth revised and enlarged 1992 edition of Metalinguagem e Outras Metas, pp. 31–48. References de Andrade, O. (1968) ‘Manifesto Antropófago’, in A. Candido and J.A. Castello, Presença da Literatura Brasileira, vol. 3 (São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro), pp. 68–74. de Campos, H. (1963) ‘Da Tradução como criação e como crítica’, Tempo Brasileiro 4–5, (June–Sept.). Repr. in de Campos (1992), pp. 31–48. —— (1967) Oswald de Andrade: Trechos Escolhidos (Rio de Janeiro: Agir). —— (1973) Morfologia de Macunaíma (São Paulo: Perspectiva). —— (1981a) Deus e o Diabo no Fausto de Goethe (São Paulo: Perspectiva). —— (1981b) ‘Da Razão Antropofágica: Diálogo e Presença na Cultura Brasileira’, Colóquio/Letras 62 (Jul.) (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbekian). Repr. in de Campos (1992), pp. 231–55. —— (1986) ‘The rule of anthropophagy: Europe under the sign of Devoration’, trans. M.T. Wolff, Latin American Literary Review 14.27 (Jan.–June): 42–60. —— (1991) Qohélet = O-que-sabe: Eclesiastes: poema sapiencial, trans. H. de Campos with the collaboration of J. Guinsburg (São Paulo: Perspectiva). —— (1992) ‘Translation as creation and criticism’, Metalinguagem e Outras Metas: Ensaios de Teoria e Crítica Literária, 4th rev. and enlarged edn (São Paulo: Perspectiva). —— (1997) O Arco-Íris Branco: Ensaios de Literatura e Cultura (Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora). de Souza, E.M. (1986) ‘A Crítica Literária e a Tradução’, in: I Seminário Latino-Americano de Literatura Comparada (Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), pp. 181–6. Foucault, M. (1986) ‘Nietzsche, genealogy, history’, in The Foucault Reader, ed. P. Rabinow (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Hollanda, H.B. de and Gonçalves, M.A. (1989) Cultura e Participação nos Anos 60, 7th edn (São Paulo: Brasiliense). Johnson, R. (1987) ‘Tupy or not tupy: cannibalism and nationalism in contemporary Brazilian literature’, in J. King (ed.), Modern Latin American Fiction: A Survey (London and Boston: Faber & Faber), pp. 41–59. McGuirk, B. (1997) Latin American Literature: Symptoms, Risks and Strategies of Post-structuralist Criticism (London and New York: Routledge).
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112 Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira<br />
2 Haroldo de Campos’ Da Razão Antropofágica: Diálogo e Diferença na<br />
Cultura Brasileira was produced in 1980 and first published in Portuguese<br />
in Lisbon in 1981, then reprinted in Brazil in the fourth revised and enlarged<br />
edition of the collection of essays Metalinguagem e Outras Metas (1992),<br />
pp. 231–56. References and quotations throughout this text will be made<br />
from the 1986 English version, ‘The Rule of Anthropophagy: Europe under<br />
the Sign of Devoration.<br />
3 References here will be to the version reprinted in the fourth revised and<br />
enlarged 1992 edition of Metalinguagem e Outras Metas, pp. 31–48.<br />
References<br />
de Andrade, O. (1968) ‘Manifesto Antropófago’, in A. Candido and J.A.<br />
Castello, Presença da Literatura Brasileira, vol. 3 (São Paulo: Difusão<br />
Européia do Livro), pp. 68–74.<br />
de Campos, H. (1963) ‘Da Tradução como criação e como crítica’, Tempo<br />
Brasileiro 4–5, (June–Sept.). Repr. in de Campos (1992), pp. 31–48.<br />
—— (1967) Oswald de Andrade: Trechos Escolhidos (Rio de Janeiro: Agir).<br />
—— (1973) Morfologia de Macunaíma (São Paulo: Perspectiva).<br />
—— (1981a) Deus e o Diabo no Fausto de Goethe (São Paulo: Perspectiva).<br />
—— (1981b) ‘Da Razão Antropofágica: Diálogo e Presença na Cultura<br />
Brasileira’, Colóquio/Letras 62 (Jul.) (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste<br />
Gulbekian). Repr. in de Campos (1992), pp. 231–55.<br />
—— (1986) ‘The rule of anthropophagy: Europe under the sign of Devoration’,<br />
trans. M.T. Wolff, Latin American Literary Review 14.27 (Jan.–June): 42–60.<br />
—— (1991) Qohélet = O-que-sabe: Eclesiastes: poema sapiencial,<br />
trans. H. de Campos with the collaboration of J. Guinsburg (São Paulo:<br />
Perspectiva).<br />
—— (1992) ‘Translation as creation and criticism’, Metalinguagem e Outras<br />
Metas: Ensaios de Teoria e Crítica Literária, 4th rev. and enlarged edn (São<br />
Paulo: Perspectiva).<br />
—— (1997) O Arco-Íris Branco: Ensaios de Literatura e Cultura (Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Imago Editora).<br />
de Souza, E.M. (1986) ‘A Crítica Literária e a Tradução’, in: I Seminário<br />
Latino-Americano de Literatura Comparada (Porto Alegre:<br />
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), pp. 181–6.<br />
Foucault, M. (1986) ‘Nietzsche, genealogy, history’, in The Foucault Reader,<br />
ed. P. Rabinow (Harmondsworth: Penguin).<br />
Hollanda, H.B. de and Gonçalves, M.A. (1989) Cultura e Participação nos<br />
Anos 60, 7th edn (São Paulo: Brasiliense).<br />
Johnson, R. (1987) ‘Tupy or not tupy: cannibalism and nationalism in<br />
contemporary Brazilian literature’, in J. King (ed.), Modern Latin American<br />
Fiction: A Survey (London and Boston: Faber & Faber), pp. 41–59.<br />
McGuirk, B. (1997) Latin American Literature: Symptoms, Risks and Strategies<br />
of Post-structuralist Criticism (London and New York: Routledge).
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