Climate Change in the Benguela Current LME and the Benguela ...
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<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> <strong>LME</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
By<br />
Michael J. O’TooleO<br />
Chief Technical Advisor<br />
IOC-IUCN<br />
IUCN-NOAA-UNEP Large Mar<strong>in</strong>e Ecosystem<br />
8th Consultative Committee Meet<strong>in</strong>g, 3-43<br />
4 July 2006, Paris, France
LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE WORLD<br />
2
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> <strong>LME</strong> Programme<br />
• Countries: Angola, Namibia<br />
<strong>and</strong> South Africa<br />
• Duration: 2002 - 2007<br />
• Implement<strong>in</strong>g agency: UNDP<br />
• Execut<strong>in</strong>g agency: UNOPS<br />
• GEF: US$ 15,000,000.00<br />
• In-k<strong>in</strong>d: US$ 18,000,000.00
MARINE<br />
RESOURCE<br />
UTILISATION<br />
•Commercial fisheries<br />
•Artisanal fisheries<br />
•Diamond m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
•Offshore oil <strong>and</strong> gas<br />
•Recreational fisheries<br />
•Nature-based tourism
EXTREME EVENTS<br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> N<strong>in</strong>o’s<br />
Harmful Algal Blooms<br />
Low oxygen<br />
Sulphur eruptions
FROM CONCEPT TO<br />
IMPLEMENTATION AND<br />
DELIVERY: THE BC<strong>LME</strong><br />
PROGRAMME AS A CASE<br />
STUDY<br />
Dr Michael O’TooleO<br />
Chief Technical Advisor<br />
GEF:IW Conference, Salvador, Brazil, 19-24 June 2005
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY<br />
• Develop early warn<strong>in</strong>g system<br />
• Improve predictability of extreme events<br />
• Establish basel<strong>in</strong>e data<br />
• Monitor harmful algal blooms<br />
• Assess l<strong>in</strong>ks to climate change
MARINE BIODIVERITY<br />
• Map vulnerable species / habitats<br />
• Assess alien species –ballast water<br />
• Conserve mar<strong>in</strong>e biological<br />
biodiversity<br />
• Establish mar<strong>in</strong>e protected areas
MODIS CHL 2-10 Feb 2004<br />
Primary Productivity<br />
Modis: Chlorophyll 2-10 February 2004<br />
Shill<strong>in</strong>gton et al 200
Harmful Algal Bloom<br />
Observation Systems<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Benguela</strong> – Real<br />
time monitor<strong>in</strong>g – BC<strong>LME</strong> Project
<strong>Benguela</strong> Plankton<br />
Environmental Status Indicators<br />
• Regional monitor<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>es for zooplankton off South<br />
Africa, Namibia <strong>and</strong> Angola<br />
• Cont<strong>in</strong>uous Plankton Recorder /Aquashuttle/<br />
…deployed <strong>in</strong> region<br />
• Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (NOAA /Southampton Oceanography)
-10S<br />
-15S<br />
-20S<br />
-25S<br />
-30S<br />
-35S<br />
1CT1<br />
1CT5<br />
1CT9<br />
1CT13<br />
1CT17<br />
1CT21<br />
1CT25<br />
1CT29<br />
1CT33<br />
1CT37<br />
1CT41<br />
1CT45<br />
3 CPR tows between Cape Frio <strong>and</strong> East London<br />
Total distance covered: 1 422 nmi<br />
2CT1<br />
2CT5<br />
2CT9<br />
2CT13<br />
2CT17<br />
2CT21<br />
2CT25<br />
2CT29<br />
2CT33<br />
2CT37<br />
2CT41<br />
3CT1<br />
3CT9<br />
3CT5<br />
AFRICA<br />
3CT13<br />
3CT17<br />
3CT21<br />
3CT25<br />
3CT29<br />
3CT33<br />
3CT37<br />
3CT41<br />
3CT45<br />
N<br />
• 28-30 Oct. 2005:<br />
Cape Frio (18°31'S 011°43'E) to<br />
Lüderitz (26°9'S 14°47'E)<br />
= 488 nmi; 48 10-nmi samples<br />
• 31 Oct.-2 Nov. 2005:<br />
Lüderitz (26°41'S 014°58'E) to<br />
Cape Town (33°36'S 018°03'E)<br />
= 448 nmi; 43 10-nmi samples<br />
• 3-4 Nov. 2005:<br />
Cape Town (33°53'S 018°19'E) to<br />
East London (33°35'S 027°15'E)<br />
= 486 nmi; 48 10-nmi samples<br />
-40S<br />
5E 10E 15E 20E 25E 30E 35E 40E
• Ecosystem approach to<br />
fisheries management (EAF)<br />
• Monitor<strong>in</strong>g of top predators<br />
as <strong>in</strong>dicators of ecosystem<br />
change
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
1950<br />
1953<br />
1956<br />
1959<br />
1962<br />
1965<br />
1968<br />
1971<br />
1974<br />
1977<br />
1980<br />
1983<br />
1986<br />
1989<br />
1992<br />
1995<br />
1998<br />
l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>gs (1000 t)<br />
Namibian<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependence<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
Dem.<br />
L. pel.<br />
Sm. pel.<br />
H. mackerel<br />
Hakes<br />
Sard<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Trends <strong>in</strong> Namibian fish catches (1950 – 1999)<br />
J.P. Roux
RECRUIT<br />
MENT<br />
JUVENILES<br />
RECRUITMENT<br />
RETENTION<br />
SPAWNERS<br />
EGGS AND<br />
LARVAE<br />
EGGS AND<br />
LARVAE<br />
SPAWNERS<br />
Conceptual model for hake <strong>in</strong> South Africa – Namibia
350<br />
300<br />
Thous<strong>and</strong>s of pups<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Namibia<br />
South Africa<br />
Total<br />
1971<br />
1976<br />
1979<br />
1982<br />
1985<br />
1988<br />
1992<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
2001<br />
2003<br />
Year<br />
Trends <strong>in</strong> seal pup numbers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> region<br />
R. Crawford
Transboundary Resource – Bronze Whaler Sharks<br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> Project – Angola <strong>and</strong> Namibia
Satellite tagg<strong>in</strong>g of Bronze Whaler Shark
MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTION<br />
• Harmonisation of water quality<br />
guidel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
• Regional oil spill cont<strong>in</strong>gency plan<br />
• Assessment of l<strong>and</strong>-based sources<br />
of mar<strong>in</strong>e pollution<br />
• Transboundary pollution<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Mar<strong>in</strong>e litter programme
G. Smith<br />
COASTAL DEGRADATION SHOWING LARGE SCALE IMPACT OF<br />
DIAMOND MINING NEAR SA-NAMIBIA BOUNDARY
Cumulative impacts of diamond m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g on <strong>Benguela</strong> Large Mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Ecosystem: BC<strong>LME</strong> Project – Assessment <strong>and</strong> Mitigation
Jago Submersible – De Beers<br />
Seabed Crawler
Mar<strong>in</strong>e diamonds – Namibia: 90% gem quality
Development <strong>and</strong> Implementation of Strategic Plan<br />
for Capacity Streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> <strong>LME</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> Phase 2 (Project 1)<br />
REQUEST FOR PIPELINE ENTRY<br />
PDF BLOCK B APPROVAL<br />
(Global Environment Facility)<br />
US$ 8.0 million (GEF) US$ 20.0 (Co-f<strong>in</strong>ance)
Variability <strong>and</strong> Impacts of <strong>Change</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> (50 years)<br />
Physical Environment<br />
- rise of 1ºC 1 C <strong>in</strong> SST (coastal <strong>and</strong> offshore)<br />
- 5 major <strong>Benguela</strong> N<strong>in</strong>o’s s warm events<br />
- Poleward propagation of major hypoxia <strong>in</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1994 –ecosystem collapse<br />
- Frequent eruption of hydrogen sulphide <strong>in</strong> coastal<br />
waters of Namibia – toxic <strong>and</strong> fish mortalities
27<br />
1994 / 1995 <strong>Benguela</strong> N<strong>in</strong>o<br />
January Mean SST<br />
19<br />
21<br />
24°C<br />
23<br />
25<br />
27<br />
21°C<br />
19°C<br />
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992<br />
1993<br />
17°C<br />
LOW<br />
19<br />
21<br />
15°C<br />
13°C<br />
23<br />
25<br />
11°C<br />
27<br />
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004<br />
2005
Variability <strong>and</strong> Impacts of <strong>Change</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> (50 years)<br />
Phytoplankton <strong>and</strong> Zooplankton<br />
-Decadal changes <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> phytoplankton<br />
abundance from 1980-2000<br />
- 100 fold <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> zooplankton abundance estimates<br />
(western Cape) from 1950 - to 1995<br />
- Seasonal cycle of zooplankton biomass has altered<br />
- Copepods more abundant off Namibia compared with<br />
20 years ago<br />
- HABs <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> frequency <strong>in</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> – uncerta<strong>in</strong><br />
l<strong>in</strong>ks to climate change: negative consequences
Variability <strong>and</strong> Impacts of <strong>Change</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> (50 years)<br />
Liv<strong>in</strong>g Mar<strong>in</strong>e Resources<br />
-Large decrease <strong>in</strong> epi-pelagic pelagic fish resources <strong>in</strong> Namibia<br />
1960-1990 1990 (7.5 million tonnes to 0.7 million tonnes)<br />
-Disappearance of anchovy follow<strong>in</strong>g collapse of sard<strong>in</strong>e<br />
fishery <strong>in</strong> Namibia; <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> horse mackerel, gobies<br />
<strong>and</strong> jellyfish<br />
- Decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> pengu<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> gannet by 85% <strong>in</strong> Namibia<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> fur seals between 1956 <strong>and</strong> 2005<br />
- Spectacular sard<strong>in</strong>e recovery <strong>in</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> early 1990’s<br />
- Recent marked shifts <strong>in</strong> distribution of sard<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong><br />
rock lobster around to eastern Cape
30<br />
3. <strong>Benguela</strong> Resources – Manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Change</strong><br />
3.2 <strong>Benguela</strong> Liv<strong>in</strong>g Resources<br />
1994 / 1995 <strong>Benguela</strong> N<strong>in</strong>o
31<br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> Liv<strong>in</strong>g Resources<br />
1994 / 1995 <strong>Benguela</strong> N<strong>in</strong>o<br />
Pengu<strong>in</strong> Population Estimates
32<br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> Liv<strong>in</strong>g Resources<br />
2003 Sard<strong>in</strong>e Boom
33<br />
3. <strong>Benguela</strong> Resources – Manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Change</strong><br />
3.2 <strong>Benguela</strong> Liv<strong>in</strong>g Resources<br />
2003 Sard<strong>in</strong>e Boom
34<br />
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY<br />
Lobster Dynamics<br />
Sard<strong>in</strong>e Eastward Shift<br />
Non-recovery of N-<strong>Benguela</strong> Sard<strong>in</strong>e<br />
What does this mean
Variability <strong>and</strong> Impacts of <strong>Change</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> (50 years)<br />
Socio-economic consequences<br />
- Collapse of sard<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> rock lobster fishery <strong>in</strong><br />
Namibia dur<strong>in</strong>g 1960s-1970<br />
1970’s s : decimated cann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry, large job lossses<br />
- Harm done to hake resources <strong>in</strong> Namibia (hypoxic<br />
event – failure to recover despite conservative mgt.<br />
- Economic <strong>and</strong> job losses (rock lobster mortalities <strong>and</strong><br />
HABs)<br />
- Eastward spread of pelagics – impacts on process<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry, jobs <strong>and</strong> fish quality<br />
- HABs <strong>and</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g mariculture <strong>in</strong>dustry (threats of<br />
markets, jobs <strong>and</strong> development)
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Concept Document <strong>and</strong> PDF B Application<br />
(US$ 8 million grant: US$ 20 co-f<strong>in</strong>ance)<br />
• Goal : Orderly development <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
use of fisheries <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r liv<strong>in</strong>g mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
resources under conditions of <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
• Objective : assist countries <strong>and</strong> BCC to adapt<br />
to <strong>the</strong> impacts of <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> to ensure<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able livelihoods, food security <strong>and</strong> good<br />
governance
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Project Outcome (1) US$ 1.0 million<br />
Isolation of key variables <strong>and</strong> drivers of <strong>the</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> attributed to climate change<br />
- robust scenarios on likely impacts<br />
- management options, risk analysis,EAF <strong>and</strong><br />
mitigation measures re: socio-economic effects<br />
- enhance monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> assessment of<br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> (SEIS , GOOS-Africa partnership)<br />
- cost-effective early warn<strong>in</strong>g system
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Project Outcome (2) US$ 2.0 million<br />
Development of adaptation strategy <strong>and</strong> management<br />
approach to address negative climate change effects<br />
on fisheries <strong>and</strong> coastal community sectors<br />
- susta<strong>in</strong>able development of fisheries us<strong>in</strong>g EAF<br />
approach under impacts of climate change<br />
- development of susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>and</strong>/or alternative<br />
livelihoods as a means of poverty reduction<br />
- promotion of regional food security
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Project Outcome (3) US$0.75 million<br />
Development of capacity to address anticipated<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> severity of HABs, , shellfish<br />
sanitation <strong>and</strong> implications <strong>the</strong>reof<br />
- real-time monitor<strong>in</strong>g systems<br />
- laboratory analysis of tox<strong>in</strong>s<br />
- HABs monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>gency<br />
- shellfish sanitation implementation plan
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Project Outcome (4) US$3.0 million<br />
Develop <strong>and</strong> implement compensatory mechanisms <strong>in</strong><br />
response to impacts of climate change<br />
- offset losses through development of alternatives e.g.<br />
aquaculture<br />
- capitalise on new opportunities that may arise
Adaptation to <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> 2 Project<br />
Project Outcome (5) US$1.0 million<br />
Streng<strong>the</strong>n capacity of regional managers, policy makers<br />
<strong>and</strong> stakeholders <strong>in</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> (BCC)to implement<br />
EAF approach <strong>in</strong> response to climate change<br />
- Development <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>corporate management tools,<br />
models <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>puts<br />
Project Outcome (6) US$0.25 million<br />
Develop a global learn<strong>in</strong>g component<br />
- lessons learned <strong>in</strong> BC<strong>LME</strong> : Adaptation <strong>in</strong> relation to<br />
climate change<br />
- Application to comparable ecosystems <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts<br />
of <strong>the</strong> world
THE BENGUELA CURRENT<br />
COMMISSION<br />
INTERIM AGREEMENT<br />
To be endorsed by <strong>the</strong> three countries<br />
29 th August 2006, Cape Town
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
Objectives<br />
• Establish a formal <strong>in</strong>stitutional structure for<br />
co-operation operation between contract<strong>in</strong>g States<br />
• Facilitate underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, protection <strong>and</strong><br />
conservation <strong>and</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able use of BC<strong>LME</strong><br />
• Implement <strong>the</strong> Strategic Action Programme<br />
(SAP)
BENGUELA CURRENT COMMISSION<br />
M<strong>in</strong>isterial Conference<br />
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
Liv<strong>in</strong>g Mar<strong>in</strong>e Resources<br />
Sub-Committee<br />
Ecosystem Health<br />
Sub-Committee<br />
M<strong>in</strong>erals <strong>and</strong> Oil<br />
Sub-Committee<br />
Secretariat<br />
Executive Secretary / Ecosystem Coord<strong>in</strong>ator<br />
Ecosystem Advisory Committee<br />
Work<strong>in</strong>g Groups<br />
e.g.<br />
Hake<br />
Pilchard<br />
Pollution<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
Socio-economics<br />
Data <strong>and</strong> Information
Jurisdiction <strong>and</strong> Scope<br />
• BC<strong>LME</strong> area (Cab<strong>in</strong>da – Port Elizabeth)<br />
- <strong>in</strong>ternal waters<br />
- territorial seas <strong>and</strong> EEZ’s<br />
• Activities (adverse impacts)<br />
- human activities<br />
- aircraft<br />
- vessels
Co-operation operation between States<br />
• Build<strong>in</strong>g capacity of <strong>the</strong> Commission<br />
- Secretariat<br />
- Ecosystem Advisory Committee<br />
- Subsidiary bodies<br />
• Implement<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Strategic Action Programme<br />
• Negotiat<strong>in</strong>g, agree<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> endors<strong>in</strong>g a more<br />
comprehensive legal <strong>in</strong>strument by 2012
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
• Appo<strong>in</strong>tment of national delegation<br />
• 1 st Meet<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> 3 months after sign<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- adopt rules <strong>and</strong> procedures<br />
- determ<strong>in</strong>e composition of committees<br />
- rotat<strong>in</strong>g chair / consensus<br />
- appo<strong>in</strong>t executive secretary (with<strong>in</strong> 9 months)<br />
- appo<strong>in</strong>t ecosystem co-ord<strong>in</strong>ator<br />
ord<strong>in</strong>ator<br />
- stakeholder consultations <strong>and</strong> mechanisms for<br />
<strong>in</strong>teraction with private sector, NGO <strong>and</strong> communities
<strong>Benguela</strong> Curent Commission<br />
Secretariat<br />
• Implementation of SAP<br />
• Arrange meet<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> supply adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
<strong>and</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancial services<br />
• Negotiate with donors <strong>and</strong> partners<br />
• Draft plans, work programmes <strong>and</strong> budgets<br />
• Information exchange <strong>and</strong> dissem<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
• Prepare performance reports<br />
• Any o<strong>the</strong>r functions required by Commission
Ecosystem Advisory Committee<br />
• Experts nom<strong>in</strong>ated by each member State<br />
• Support decision <strong>and</strong> provide expert advice<br />
- scientific<br />
- management<br />
- legal<br />
• Build capacity with<strong>in</strong> member Sates to<br />
generate <strong>and</strong> provide expert advice
Ecosystem Advisory Committee<br />
• Will meet once a year – decisions by consensus<br />
• Will convene with<strong>in</strong> 3 months of first meet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of Commission<br />
• Establish work<strong>in</strong>g groups or sub-committees<br />
• Annual submission of draft work plan (2 years)<br />
• Annual report of it’s s activities
Comprehensive Legal Instrument<br />
--‘ The Contract<strong>in</strong>g States shall use <strong>the</strong>ir best<br />
endeavours to br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to force by no later that<br />
31 st December 2012, a b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g legal <strong>in</strong>strument<br />
that will establish a comprehensive framework<br />
to implement an ecosystem approach to<br />
conservation <strong>and</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Benguela</strong><br />
<strong>Current</strong> Large Mar<strong>in</strong>e Ecosystem’ ----
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
• Fund<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- member states (equal portions)<br />
- donors <strong>and</strong> partners<br />
• Disputes<br />
- negotiation or mediation<br />
• Maritime boundaries<br />
- no relation to delimitation of national<br />
boundaries
<strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong> Commission<br />
• Relations with o<strong>the</strong>r International Agreement<br />
- shall not affect exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational agreement<br />
(except where <strong>the</strong>y threaten <strong>the</strong> health of<br />
BC<strong>LME</strong>)<br />
• BCC Interim Agreement entry <strong>in</strong>to force<br />
- with<strong>in</strong> 30 days of two or more parties sign<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> agreement
Implementation <strong>and</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability of<br />
OMP for <strong>Benguela</strong> <strong>Current</strong><br />
Commission<br />
BC<strong>LME</strong> Phase 2 (Project 2)<br />
REQUEST FOR PIPELINE ENTRY<br />
PDF BLOCK B APPROVAL<br />
(Global Environment Facility)<br />
US$ 8.0 million (GEF) US$ 16.0 (Co-f<strong>in</strong>ance)
OUTCOMES<br />
• Susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong>frastructure to support BCC<br />
• National policy reform to support ecosystem<br />
approach to management<br />
• Development of long-term susta<strong>in</strong>able capacity<br />
to implement <strong>LME</strong> management components<br />
• Scientific <strong>and</strong> technical knowledge <strong>in</strong>terpreted<br />
<strong>and</strong> translated <strong>in</strong>to OMP’s