STATUS OF BEAR WELFARE

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Status of Bear Welfare in Cherokee, North Carolina Time Behavior Enclosure/Enrichment Requirements training, and food rewards for shifting. The caregiver should place new bedding materials and enrichment items. Enrichment types should include scent, sound, problem-solving, tactile, novelty, training, and bonding sessions. Midmorning to early afternoon Bears build or clean their nests Bear must have a choice of day-nesting sites. There should be trees, climbing structures, and dens for cubs. There should be nests and dens for adults. Nest-building materials should include grasses, leaves, soft branches, straw, hay, and wood wool, all in substantial amounts to significantly cushion and insulate the bear, and these should be available 24/7. Early afternoon to afternoon Caregiver places enrichment The caregiver must have ability to shift the bears from point A to point B in a lowstress manner using relationship, training, and food rewards for shifting. Enrichment types should include scent, sound, problem-solving, tactile, novelty, training, and bonding sessions. Early afternoon to afternoon Bears rest in the day bed The enclosure and substrate must offer the bears a choice of nesting site, privacy, quiet, shade, and indoor and outdoor access. Afternoon to evening Bears search for food Enrichment types should include scent, sound, problem-solving, tactile, novelty, training, and bonding sessions. The enrichment options should offer the bears mental challenges such as puzzle feeders as well as some physical exercise such as bear jungle gyms. AN INVESTIGATIVE REPORT OF CHIEF SAUNOOKE BEAR PARK, CHEROKEE BEAR ZOO, AND SANTA’S LAND | 10
Status of Bear Welfare in Cherokee, North Carolina Time Behavior Enclosure/Enrichment Requirements Evening Bears begin to show an interest in bedding down Bedding-down areas for nightfall must offer the bears privacy, choice, bedding, and the option to sleep indoors or outdoors. Night Bears rest Exception: On occasion, the bears will become nocturnally active, usually for foraging. Seasonal Routines American black bears in the southeastern U.S. den up for the winter, as do brown bears in countries with warm climates. Bears become biochemically challenged and short-tempered if they are kept from denning. As indicated in the following references, the captive bears in Cherokee should be provided with the opportunity to den up during the winter: Biological Research Papers: Black Bear Denning in the Smoky Mountains and the Southeastern U.S. Elina P. Garrison, “Reproductive Ecology, Cub Survival, and Denning Ecology of the Florida Black Bear,” master’s thesis, University of Florida, 2004. Keith G. Johnson and Michael R. Pelton, “Environmental Relationships and the Denning Period of Black Bears in Tennessee,” Journal of Mammology 61.4 (Nov. 1980): 653-60. Mark D. Jones, “Hibernation Means Different Things to Different Animals,” North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, April 1999 . Melissa J. Reynolds-Hogland, et al., “Selection of Den Sites by Black Bears in the Southern Appalachians,” Journal of Mammalogy 88.4 (2007): 1062-73. Steven G. Seibert, “Winter Movements and Denning of Black Bears in Northwest Florida,” Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Fish and Wildlife Agencies 49 (1995): 283-291. Keith M. Weaver and Michael R. Pelton, “Denning Ecology of Black Bears in the Tensas River Basin of Louisiana,” International Association of Bear Research and Management, Bears: Their Biology and Management 9.1 (1994): 427-33. Biological Research Papers: Brown Bear Denning in Warm Climate Countries, Spain, and the Gobi Desert AN INVESTIGATIVE REPORT OF CHIEF SAUNOOKE BEAR PARK, CHEROKEE BEAR ZOO, AND SANTA’S LAND | 11
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