Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Discussion Paper - Victorian ...

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had a signifi cant impact on many beaches, particularly in eastern Port Phillip Bay. Human engineering intervention is often required to restore sandy deposits. Offshore sands are periodically extracted and pumped onshore to renourish beaches that have been eroded. 2.2 Hydrology: rivers, creeks, groundwater, wetlands and coasts The hydrological system of the investigation area is made up of surface water (rivers and streams), ground water, wetlands and coasts. Each is described below. 2.1.3 SITES OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Geological features and sites help us understand the geological history of the earth. A site of geological signifi cance has special scientifi c or educational value and forms the basis for geological education, research or reference. Specifi c geological sites may be signifi cant examples of natural features, landforms or landscape, type localities for rock units, fossils, minerals, or important illustrations of the operation of natural processes. The size and nature of geological sites varies widely, but consist of two main groupings: G natural exposures such as in rivers, steep cliffs or mountains and along coastlines G those exposed by human excavation in road or railway cuttings and by mining works in quarries. A total of 153 sites of geological signifi cance* have been identifi ed on public land in the investigation area. 6 Thirteen sites are of high signifi cance (international, national or state). Sites of international signifi cance are rare or global type localities and are typically well known as reference sites for geologists. Nationally signifi cant sites show features that are rare in Australia or are important by virtue of their scale or state of preservation. Sites of state signifi cance are important in defi ning the geology and geomorphology of Victoria. Sites of high geological or geomorphological signifi cance located on public land in the investigation area are listed in appendix 2. More detailed descriptions of sites of signifi cance are provided in Sites of geological and geomorphological signifi cance on public land 6 available at www.veac.vic.gov.au. Seventy-three sites of regional signifi cance are found on public land in the investigation area. These sites include landforms or geological features representative of the Melbourne region and include several examples of the alluvial terraces along creeks or streams. The remaining sixty-seven sites are of local signifi cance. 2.2.1 RIVERS AND STREAMS A catchment is an area of land, bound by hills or mountains from which runoff water fl ows into rivers, streams, bays, wetlands and the coast, eventually entering the sea. 39 Five catchments lie either wholly of partly within the investigation area. These are, from west to east, the Werribee, Maribyrnong, Yarra, Dandenong and Western Port catchments. Almost 9,000 kilometres of rivers and streams (natural and man-made) fl ow through the investigation area to eventually reach Port Phillip Bay and Western Port. Major watercourses in the investigation area are shown below in table 2.2. Figure 2.3 shows the catchments and major waterways within the investigation area. Table 2.2 Major watercourses in the investigation area CATCHMENT Werribee Maribyrnong Yarra Dandenong Western Port RIVER/ STREAM Werribee River, Kororoit Creek, Skeleton Creek Maribyrnong River, Deep Creek, Emu Creek, Jacksons Creek Yarra River, Plenty River, Darebin Creek, Diamond Creek, Merri Creek, Moonee Ponds Creek Dandenong Creek, Eumemmerring Creek, Bunyip River, Cardinia Creek The largest river within the investigation area is the Yarra River which, having formed in the higher country to the east, runs westward some 240 kilometres, passing through the city and across the Yarra delta. The upper reaches of the Yarra River between Warburton and Warrandyte wind through a series of scenic fl oodplains and gorges. This stretch of the Yarra River, which extends beyond the investigation area, has been protected under legislation as a Victorian Heritage River due to its high environmental and social values. Downstream, the Yarra River is an iconic part of the city of Melbourne. The reliable * Signifi cance ratings are assigned by the Geological Society of Australia (Victoria Division) Heritage sub-committee. Assessment criteria include the rarity, representation and replication of features as well as site accessibility and management conditions. 28
freshwater from the river was a key reason for the establishment of Melbourne. Over the years, the river has been altered in many ways by the straightening of several sections and the carving of new channels. The catchment of the Yarra River is the largest of the region at some 4,000 square kilometres. The upper Yarra catchment provides the majority of Melbourne’s drinking water. 40 Other major rivers of the region include the Maribyrnong River, one of the few large rivers developed on the volcanic plains north and west of Melbourne, and the Werribee River, which forms a broad, delta-like alluvial plain edged with spectacular cliffs and coastal salt marshes. Many watercourses provide the basis for natural linkages of public land across the investigation area (e.g. Merri Creek trail, Dandenong Valley Parklands, Plenty River Parklands). Figure 2.3 Major catchments and waterways in the investigation area River and stream condition The condition of waterways is measured by the Index of Stream Condition (ISC). 41 It integrates the condition of river hydrology, water quality, streamside zone (vegetation), physical form (bed and bank condition and instream habitat) and aquatic life. The index measures the change from natural conditions and indicates the capacity of the waterway to support a diverse biological community. In essence, it is a measure of change from natural or ideal conditions for all Victorian streams at a common point in time. This allows different types of streams to be compared across Victoria. River and streams in the hilly, forested areas in the north-east of the investigation area are generally in better condition than those further downstream in more urbanised areas. None of the rivers and streams within the investigation area is in excellent condition, with only a small percentage in good condition. Most rivers and streams are in poor condition, largely due to land use changes such as urbanisation, vegetation removal, drainage and fl ood control works, stock access, increased storm water runoff and invasion by weeds. The lower reaches of some rivers such as the Yarra and Mordialloc Creek are so heavily modifi ed that they contain almost no natural streamside vegetation. 17 29
Page 1 and 2: Metropolitan Melbourne Investigatio
Page 3 and 4: Metropolitan Melbourne Investigatio
Page 5 and 6: Council members (left to right): G
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Foreword 1 The structure o
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY picture of the us
Page 11 and 12: PART A INTRODUCTION This part provi
Page 13 and 14: Metropolitan Melbourne’s populati
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Scope of the investigation This
Page 17 and 18: sporting facilities and parks, gard
Page 19 and 20: 1.7 Policy context 1.7.1 INTERNATIO
Page 21: A signifi cant, staged increase in
Page 24 and 25: 2 METROPOLITAN MELBOURNE - THE PLAC
Page 26 and 27: 22 Figure 2.1 Geology of the invest
Page 28 and 29: Beaumaris and Sandringham. This are
Page 30 and 31: 26 Figure 2.2 Geomorphological unit
Page 34 and 35: Water quality Water quality is natu
Page 36 and 37: 2.3 Biodiversity Biodiversity refer
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.3 ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES
Page 40 and 41: 36 Figure 2.6 Existing native veget
Page 42 and 43: 38 Figure 2.8 Vegetation quality wi
Page 44 and 45: A total of 495 native vertebrate fa
Page 46 and 47: Box 2.3 Eltham copper butterfly The
Page 48 and 49: The investigation area contains abo
Page 50 and 51: Globally, warming is accelerating.
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.11 Average annual inflows
Page 54 and 55: 3 METROPOLITAN MELBOURNE - THE PEOP
Page 56 and 57: Box 3.1 Woodlands Historic Park Woo
Page 58 and 59: Figure 3.2 ‘Batman’s Treaty wit
Page 60 and 61: 3.3.2 THE GROWTH AND URBANISATION O
Page 62 and 63: 3.3.3 MELBOURNE’S PLANNING HISTOR
Page 64 and 65: 3.4 The people of metropolitan Melb
Page 66 and 67: 3.4.2 MELBOURNE’S FUTURE POPULATI
Page 68 and 69: 4 PUBLIC LAND The Victorian Environ
Page 70 and 71: G Other government departments own
Page 72 and 73: 4.4 Public land use categories An e
Page 74 and 75: National and state parks Victoria
Page 76 and 77: Other natural features reserves suc
Page 78 and 79: Table 4.5 Regional parks in the inv
Page 80 and 81: and tensions between user groups ar
Page 82 and 83:
and utilities areas than elsewhere
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Table 4.6 Reference areas NAME AREA
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A summary of popular sport and recr
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Recycled water Melburnians use abou
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4.7.5 COMMERCIAL RESOURCE USES Acro
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PART D THE CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC L
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5.3 The contribution of public land
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LIVEABILITY GOAL: Dynamic resilient
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5.4 Opportunities for enhancing the
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Table 6.1 Open space categories CAT
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6.3 A history of Melbourne’s publ
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6.4 Open space strategies for metro
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Figure 6.2 Urban growth boundary an
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Trails are an important component o
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Public open space per capita Public
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Figure 6.7 Public open space per ca
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6.9 Providing new open space Box 6.
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COMMENTS INVITED The open space con
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Parklands and gardens The City of M
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Coastal impacts Sea-level rise in f
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8 ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY IN METROPO
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Climate change may also affect ecos
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Box 8.3 The National Reserve System
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Victoria’s Native Vegetation Mana
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Box 9.1 A short history of public l
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9.3 Scope of surplus public land Pu
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9.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURPLUS PU
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Box 9.3 Summary of Crown land asses
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government purchasers with suffi ci
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Biodiversity conservation Chapter 8
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10 DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS Public lan
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Regional park Regional parks are se
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Water production areas Water produc
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10.2 Recommendations to enhance the
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Figure 10.1 Proposed additions to K
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Figure 10.2 Proposed additions to B
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Figure 10.3 Proposed Point Cook Coa
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Figure 10.4 Proposed Bandicoot Corn
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Figure 10.5 Ryans Swamp and surroun
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Figure 10.6 Edithvale Wetland Legen
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABS BP C
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REFERENCES 1 Department of Infrastr
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80 Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Sch
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177 Parliament of Victoria (2008) S
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APPENDIX 1 COMMUNITY REFERENCE GROU
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APPENDIX 3 HISTORIC PLACES IN METRO
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Kings Domain Resting Place, Melbour
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE Brimbank H0
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H0932 Retai
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H1051 Forme
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ID SITE NAME PLACE TYPE H0718 North
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PROTECTED AREA MUNICIPALITY AREA (H
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PROTECTED AREA MUNICIPALITY AREA (H
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Proportion of public open space in
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Public open space ownership within
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Public open space per capita (2006,
Page 196:
Public consultation Land is general
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