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ENGINE COMPONENTS<br />
PROGRAM<br />
PRODUCT INFORMATION<br />
AFTERMARKET
THERE ARE CARS,<br />
WHEREVER<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> IS THERE.
About us<br />
In the beginning there was innovation: the first<br />
light-alloy piston in 1921 was the prelude to the<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> success story in all aspects of the combustion<br />
engine. This was followed by many more<br />
market defining innovations in the engine component<br />
and filter sector: for example, the first<br />
series-produced aluminum engine block in 1976,<br />
the production of assembled camshafts in 1985,<br />
the start of production for pistons with cooled<br />
ring carriers for passenger car diesel engines in<br />
2000, the first multifunctional oil filter modules<br />
with plastic tube in 2003 or the first complete<br />
engine from <strong>MAHLE</strong> in 2004.<br />
industry, dealers and workshops can therefore<br />
be assured: a product from the <strong>MAHLE</strong> <strong>Group</strong> is<br />
always a product that can be relied on – with<br />
guarantee. In the engine component sector, we<br />
supply the aftermarket according to geographic<br />
region with a comprehensive product range of<br />
the renowned brands <strong>MAHLE</strong> Original, Metal<br />
Leve, Cofap rings, Izumi, Clevite and Perfect<br />
Circle. Thanks to the recent integration of the<br />
Mopisan <strong>Group</strong> into the <strong>MAHLE</strong> manufacturing<br />
network, the production capacity, especially for<br />
small and medium batch sizes for pistons and<br />
cylinder liners has been extended once more.<br />
As development partner of the international<br />
automotive and engine industry and in the top-<br />
3 of system suppliers, we are today not only<br />
represented in every second vehicle, but also<br />
on the racing circuits, where racers equipped<br />
with <strong>MAHLE</strong> products cross the finish line regularly<br />
in front positions – recently for instance<br />
in Formula 1, the 24 hours race in Le Mans or<br />
in Truck Racing.<br />
More than 2,500 engineers work in eight R&D<br />
centers worldwide on new and intelligent solutions<br />
for the combustion engine of the future<br />
with the aim of securing and extending this<br />
innovative advantage. Those engineers develop<br />
innovative products that are manufactured in<br />
110 production sites worldwide by about<br />
48,000 employees and sold all over the world.<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> has also local representations in all<br />
important world markets.<br />
All our customers benefit from this global presence<br />
– customers from the original equipment<br />
sector and those from the aftermarket. It makes<br />
no difference whether <strong>MAHLE</strong> makes a product<br />
for the automotive industry or for the independent<br />
aftermarket: our products always meet<br />
the same high standards. The automotive<br />
A look at the original equipment customer list<br />
will confirm that more than 140 renowned<br />
engine and vehicle manufacturers decide every<br />
day in favor of engine components and filters<br />
from <strong>MAHLE</strong>. Here a small selection:<br />
Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Case New Holland,<br />
Caterpillar, Citroën, Cummins, Daewoo, DAF,<br />
Deutz, Ducati, Ferrari, Fiat, Ford, General Motors,<br />
Harley Davidson, Hatz, Honda, Hyundai, Isuzu,<br />
Iveco, Jaguar, John Deere, Komatsu, Lancia,<br />
Land Rover, Mack, Magna Steyr, MAN, Maserati,<br />
Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Moto Guzzi,<br />
MWM, Nissan, Perkins, Peugeot, Porsche,<br />
Renault, RVI, Saab, Scania, Seat, Škoda, Smart,<br />
Steyr Daimler Puch, Stihl, Suzuki, Toyota, Volks -<br />
wagen, Volvo, Zettelmeyer.<br />
All <strong>MAHLE</strong> production<br />
sites are certified by re -<br />
nowned vehicle manufacturers<br />
– and by all<br />
relevant certification<br />
authorities.<br />
3
THEIR FINGERS<br />
OUR COMPETITION DOESN’T WANT TO BURN<br />
IN THE FORMULA 1.
Pistons<br />
Our pistons have to put up with extreme pressures,<br />
as their working conditions have become<br />
significantly tougher in recent years. For example,<br />
the thermal loads (with temperatures in the combustion<br />
chamber reaching 2,600 °C) and the<br />
average ignition pressures have greatly increased.<br />
Also the inertial force loads have increased due<br />
to high-speed concepts and a tendency to larger<br />
piston strokes. Naturally, the demands on pistons<br />
have also risen progressively: they are to<br />
be lighter, to have lower oil consumption and<br />
should be absolutely safe – and this even under<br />
extreme conditions such as hot and cold load<br />
capacity testing and continuous running under<br />
thermal shock.<br />
And the effects of these demands: the overall<br />
height or compression height of the pistons has<br />
decreased continuously. New solutions such as<br />
the ECOFORM ® piston concept developed by<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> allow further weight reductions. And with<br />
MONOTHERM ® pistons, which are single-piece<br />
steel pistons that are machined accordingly, it is<br />
possible to achieve the same weight as with<br />
pistons made from aluminum in the meantime.<br />
However, significant improvements have also<br />
been made with aluminum pistons such as the<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> pistons with cooled ring carriers.<br />
We also benefit in this field greatly from our successes<br />
in motorsports – after all, we are the only<br />
producer of series products who is gaining its<br />
experiences from Formula 1. As the world’s<br />
largest manufacturer of pistons, <strong>MAHLE</strong> is oper -<br />
at ing an intensive research program into the<br />
products of tomorrow and offers you today so -<br />
lu tions for almost any engine – fast, reliably and<br />
all over the world. With our pistons, we offer the<br />
aftermarket the opportunity to benefit from<br />
products of the original equipment market and<br />
the inherent safety of products that have been<br />
tried and tested in practice under most grueling<br />
conditions. We warrant this.<br />
The only supplier of<br />
series produced pistons<br />
to Formula 1: <strong>MAHLE</strong>.<br />
On the piston top, you<br />
will find the company or<br />
trade mark, the maximum<br />
piston diameter, the<br />
mounting clearance and<br />
the fitting direction ac -<br />
cording to the respective<br />
engine makers specifications.<br />
The market leader<br />
offers you security.<br />
With the non-replicable<br />
hologram on all new<br />
European engine component<br />
packaging – and<br />
the security strip that<br />
indicates whether the<br />
packaging has already<br />
been opened.<br />
5
The optimum piston for every engine<br />
ECOFORM ® pistons with<br />
pivoting side-cores<br />
Weight optimized pistons for passenger<br />
car gasoline engines. As a<br />
re sult of a special casting technology<br />
these pistons offer low weight<br />
and high structural rigidity.<br />
AUTOTHERMATIK ® /<br />
HYDROTHERMATIK ® pistons<br />
These pistons are mainly used in ga soline<br />
and diesel engines for passenger<br />
cars under heavy load conditions.<br />
They have cast-in steel strips but are<br />
not slotted. As a result, they form a<br />
uniform body with extreme strength.<br />
AUTOTHERMIK ® /<br />
HYDRO THERMIK ® pistons<br />
These very quiet running pistons are<br />
used primarily in passenger cars.<br />
The pistons have cast-in steel strips<br />
and are slotted at the transition from<br />
ring belt to skirt section.<br />
Cast solid skirt pistons<br />
Piston top, ring belt and skirt form a<br />
robust unit. Cast full-skirt pistons have<br />
a long service life and can be used<br />
in gasoline and diesel engines. Their<br />
range of applications reaches from<br />
model engines to large power units.<br />
Forged solid skirt pistons<br />
This type of piston can mainly be<br />
found in high performance serial en -<br />
gines and racing engines. Due to the<br />
manufacturing process, they are of<br />
higher strength and allow therefore<br />
reduced wall cross-sections and lower<br />
piston weight.<br />
8
Pistons<br />
Pistons with cooled ring carriers<br />
For these pistons, ring carriers and<br />
cooling galleries are combined into<br />
one system in a special production<br />
process. This provides the pistons<br />
with significantly improved heat re -<br />
moval properties, especially in the<br />
first ring groove.<br />
Ring carrier pistons with<br />
pin boss bushes<br />
These pistons for diesel engines have<br />
a ring carrier made from special cast<br />
iron that is connected metallically and<br />
rigidly with the piston material in order<br />
to make it more wear resistant, in<br />
par ticular in the first groove. With pin<br />
boss bushes made from a special<br />
material, the loadability of the pin<br />
boss is increased.<br />
Ring carrier pistons with cooling<br />
gallery and crown reinforcement<br />
These pistons are used in diesel en -<br />
gines under heavy load conditions.<br />
For additional protection and to avoid<br />
cavity edge or crown fissures, these<br />
pistons have a special hard anodized<br />
layer (HA layer) on the crown.<br />
Ring carrier pistons with<br />
cooling gallery<br />
Ring carrier pistons with cooling galleries<br />
are used in conditions with particularly<br />
high operating temperatures.<br />
Because of the high temperatures at<br />
the piston top and the ring belt, intensive<br />
cooling is provided with oil circulating<br />
through the cooling gallery.<br />
FERROTHERM ® pistons<br />
A steel piston top and an aluminum<br />
piston skirt that are connected flexibly<br />
via the gudgeon pin. Due to their high<br />
strength and low wear values, these<br />
pistons make it possible to comply<br />
with the low exhaust and emission<br />
standards, especially for diesel en gines<br />
under heavy loads.<br />
Two-stroke pistons<br />
Pistons made from special aluminum<br />
alloys that can withstand the high<br />
me chanical and thermal loads of twostroke<br />
engines.<br />
7
0.004 MM –<br />
THIS CAN<br />
MAKE THE DIFFERENCE.
Piston rings<br />
In modern engines, and for high continuous outputs,<br />
our piston rings take reliable and precise<br />
care of the welfare of their carriers. As the leading<br />
manufacturer of pistons, we work steadily to<br />
opti mize the performance and running quality of<br />
our piston rings. And we set quality standards<br />
also in this field with state-of-the-art production<br />
facilities. With decades of experience in development<br />
and production, we can assure optimum<br />
interplay between our pistons and piston rings<br />
and can satisfy the highest demands.<br />
Piston rings have three important functions in<br />
modern engines:<br />
■<br />
■<br />
■<br />
They seal the combustion chamber from the<br />
crankcase.<br />
They limit and regulate the oil consumption.<br />
They dissipate the heat that is taken up by the<br />
pistons during combustion to the cooled cylinder<br />
working surfaces.<br />
In order to satisfy these demands, the piston<br />
rings must fit tightly to the cylinder wall over their<br />
entire circumference, even if the cylinder deviates<br />
slightly from its ideal form. Due to the high inertial<br />
forces and combustion pressures as well as the<br />
high wear producing loads, the piston rings have<br />
to satisfy high demands in respect of piston ring<br />
material (strength/temperature stability) as well<br />
as surface finish and shape.<br />
The ideal ring set for every piston<br />
We offer you different versions of piston ring sets<br />
in original equipment quality or especially for<br />
engines that have already been running with the<br />
aim to reduce their compression losses and to<br />
normalize oil consumption. We can supply piston<br />
ring sets for almost any gasoline and diesel en -<br />
gine for passenger cars as well as for commercial<br />
vehicles, at diameters from 60 to 160 mm.<br />
Materials<br />
Only high-grade materials are used for our piston<br />
rings. For normal or heavy loads, lamellar<br />
graph ite cast iron materials are used and for the<br />
highest demands, nodular graphite cast iron<br />
materials or steel materials are used.<br />
Ring face coatings<br />
Special coatings can be applied to the ring<br />
faces of piston rings to increase wear resis tance<br />
and avoid the formation of scuff-marks. For<br />
instance, chromium coatings or plasma spray<br />
coatings of metallic or ceramic materials are<br />
used for this purpose.<br />
The <strong>MAHLE</strong> “N” piston<br />
ring set offers you the piston<br />
rings that are also used<br />
as original equipment.<br />
The <strong>MAHLE</strong> “V” and “G”<br />
piston ring sets have been<br />
developed especially for<br />
engines that have been<br />
running for some time.<br />
It is essential that the TOP<br />
markings are observed.<br />
Rings with TOP markings<br />
have to be fitted with these<br />
markings facing upwards<br />
in direction piston head.<br />
9
WE ARE<br />
STRICT WITH OUR<br />
TOLERANCES.
Cylinder liners<br />
The steadily rising demands on internal combus<br />
tion engines require also in the area of cylinder<br />
working surfaces continuous improvements.<br />
The precise matching of the honed cylinder liners<br />
with the pistons and piston rings, leads to im -<br />
proved results in the engine. For cylinder liners<br />
made from gray cast iron, it is therefore necessary<br />
to create optimum surfaces that contribute<br />
to lower oil consumption and blow-by, produce<br />
less wear particles and allow shorter running-in<br />
times and therefore a longer service life.<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> manufactures cylinder liners for international<br />
engine manufacturers for series production<br />
and the aftermarket – always according to the<br />
same strict quality standards. We manufacture<br />
our cylinder liners with very strict tolerances.<br />
There by ensuring, among other things, that the<br />
cylinder liners can be optimally fitted into the<br />
engine block. Additional important quality characteristics<br />
of our cylinder liners are the materials,<br />
the structure and the surface quality. In close<br />
co operation with engine manufacturers, we de -<br />
ter mine the composition of the melt, the treatment<br />
of the melt and the machining process.<br />
Materials<br />
In addition to aluminum, cast iron alloys are used<br />
as materials for cylinder liners. Lamellar graphite<br />
cast iron is alloyed with phosphorus. Additional<br />
alloy materials improve the wear properties and<br />
can strengthen the matrix due to bainite and very<br />
fine perlite formations.<br />
Honing methods<br />
Good honing has a positive effect on piston ring<br />
wear, particle emission, oil consumption and friction.<br />
With further developments and innovations<br />
in the honing of cylinder liners, it is attempted to<br />
keep the running-in phase of the cylinder<br />
(engine) as short as possible and to achieve<br />
improved tribological properties. An important<br />
prerequisite for good and regular honing of the<br />
cylinder liners is high material quality. This<br />
means, cast material free of voids, with homoge -<br />
neous structure and uniform hardness as well<br />
as suitable pre-machining of the bore.<br />
Lamellar graphite.<br />
Honing<br />
Method of machining, in<br />
which the tool carries out<br />
reciprocating and rotating<br />
movements. With this<br />
method, a cylinder form<br />
error below 10 μm and an<br />
even surface roughness<br />
can be achieved.<br />
Tribology<br />
The science of friction,<br />
lubrication and wear of<br />
bodies in relative motion.<br />
The most important honing methods in single processing steps<br />
Description<br />
Honing process<br />
Application<br />
Version<br />
1st Operation<br />
2nd Operation<br />
3rd Operation<br />
4th Operation<br />
Normal honing<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Ceramic<br />
Diamond<br />
Ceramic<br />
Ceramic<br />
Series gasoline car<br />
Series diesel car<br />
Series commercial vehicle<br />
Plateau honing<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Ceramic<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Ceramic<br />
Series gasoline car<br />
Series diesel car<br />
Series commercial vehicle<br />
Brush honing<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Ceramic<br />
Brushing<br />
Brushing<br />
Series car/commercial<br />
Liquid honing<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Liquid honing<br />
Micro-finishing<br />
Series diesel car<br />
Laser honing<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Diamond<br />
Diamond<br />
Laser structure<br />
Diamond/Ceramic<br />
Ceramic<br />
Laser structure<br />
Ceramic<br />
Experimental/motorsports<br />
11
WELL SUPPORTED WITH<br />
BEARINGS.
Bearings<br />
Bearings support rotating shafts such as crankshafts,<br />
camshafts, rocker arm shafts or balancer<br />
shafts in the engine block or in the connecting<br />
rods. The mechanical stress in internal combustion<br />
engines is extremely high. Our bearings<br />
have therefore to meet a number of quality charac<br />
te ristics: they have to be fatigue-resis ting,<br />
adaptable, highly loadable and wear and corrosion<br />
resistant.<br />
In cooperation with engine manufacturers, we<br />
develop and test the bearings for every single<br />
engine type. Ongoing basic research and further<br />
developments of materials and production techno<br />
logies ensure economically and technically<br />
optimized products of highest quality.<br />
Materials and production methods<br />
Material development is extremely important in<br />
order that bearings can meet the high demands.<br />
Thanks to years of experience and developments,<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> disposes over a large number of<br />
bearing alloys such as aluminum and bronze<br />
alloys. Depending on the application, our bearings<br />
consist of a high-strength steel backing that<br />
is coated with different bearing metals. With<br />
regard to their applications, the bearing materials<br />
are chosen in such a way that their properties<br />
compliment one another optimally.<br />
During the production process, we use different<br />
coating methods that depend, for instance, on<br />
the relative bearing loads.<br />
We offer you a comprehensive<br />
range of bearings,<br />
available under <strong>MAHLE</strong><br />
Original and – in Europe –<br />
Perfect Circle.<br />
Our product range comprises bearing shells and<br />
thrust washers in a diameter range from 27 to<br />
140 mm as well as bushings with diameters<br />
from 6 to 105 mm.<br />
Types<br />
Sputtering<br />
Coating method that works<br />
on the principle of cathode<br />
sputtering, in which atoms<br />
are knocked- out from a<br />
metal cathode due to the<br />
impacting ions from a gas<br />
discharge proc ess. The<br />
resulting atomized metal<br />
condenses on the bearing<br />
surface of the bearing shell<br />
as a uni form layer.<br />
Solid bearings<br />
Solid bearings are made completely from<br />
special bearing metal that consist of<br />
special alloys.<br />
Two-material bearings<br />
Two-material bearings are used for low<br />
to medium loads in petrol and naturally<br />
aspirated diesel engines in passenger<br />
cars. They consist of a steel backing, an<br />
intermediate layer and a layer of bearing<br />
metal. Mainly aluminum alloys are used<br />
as bearing metal.<br />
Three-material bearings<br />
Three-material composite bearings are<br />
mainly used in engines under heavier<br />
loads. They consist of a steel backing,<br />
a bearing layer, a barrier layer and the<br />
sliding layer. Sputter bearings are special<br />
three-material bearings with signif i-<br />
cantly increased hardness and wearresistance<br />
due to a special production<br />
method (sputtering). Sputter bearings<br />
are therefore ideal for supercharged<br />
engines with intercooling and can now<br />
also be found increasingly in passenger<br />
car diesel engines.<br />
13
SMALL CAUSE,<br />
BIG EFFECT.
Valve train components<br />
Not many components in engines are under<br />
as much load and tribological stress as valves<br />
and their attached parts. At temperatures up to<br />
800 °C, the red-hot exhaust valves strike the<br />
valve seats more than 70 times per second and<br />
must withstand the hot and corrosive exhaust<br />
gases that flow around them. At every valve lift,<br />
enormous acceleration forces and retractive<br />
forces occur due to the strong valve springs.<br />
Valves form a closed system together with valve<br />
seat inserts and valve guides, which has to<br />
withstand highest loads and stresses. We have<br />
there fore not only valves in our program, but<br />
also their tribological partners, valve seat inserts<br />
and valve guides. The combined development of<br />
these products in one system allows us to attain<br />
advantages in respect of wear characteristics<br />
and costs of the components.<br />
Any kind of valve<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> manufactures high-quality valves for in -<br />
ter nal combustion engines worldwide at several<br />
production sites. Our program includes valves of<br />
diverse designs and types for passenger cars<br />
and commercial vehicles from 5 to 12 mm stem<br />
diam eter as well as valve lengths from 80 to 210<br />
mm. Thanks to the high technical know-how, the<br />
high productivity and the outstanding quality of<br />
these products, <strong>MAHLE</strong> today is one of the<br />
world’s most important valve manufacturers.<br />
secure our quality standards. For example we<br />
use plasma powder methods in raw part production<br />
or high-speed grinding methods for<br />
mechanical finishing. In order to make valves<br />
resistant to the high loads, our valves have<br />
hard-faced seats, are hardened, chrome-plated<br />
or nitrided according to the requirements. A<br />
wide range of materials is available for every<br />
application. For special applications with extreme<br />
de mands, also sodium filled valves are available<br />
to reduce thermal loads.<br />
Valve guides and valve seat inserts<br />
The valve guides centre the valves in respect to<br />
the valve seats and compensate for the lateral<br />
forces acting on the valve shafts. In addition,<br />
they need to dissipate the generated heat<br />
towards the cylinder head. Depending on engine<br />
design, identical or different valve guides are<br />
used for the intake and exhaust side. The range<br />
of materials reaches from gray cast iron and<br />
brass to sintered materials of various alloys.<br />
The valve seat insert has the task of sealing the<br />
combustion chamber against pressure loss. In<br />
addition it is responsible for heat dissipation.<br />
Another important task is to prevent impacting<br />
of the valve into the softer cylinder head material.<br />
Valve seat inserts are predominately made<br />
from chromium-steel alloys. Also sinter materials<br />
are now increasingly being used.<br />
Tribology<br />
The science of friction,<br />
lubrication and wear of<br />
bodies in relative motion.<br />
We employ state-of-the-art production technol -<br />
ogy as part of our large-volume production to<br />
Materials<br />
Austenitic steels<br />
Martensitic steels<br />
Types<br />
Mono-metal valves<br />
Bi-metal valves<br />
Valve seat<br />
Plasma powder facing<br />
Induction hardening<br />
Valve tip induction hardening<br />
Profile hardening<br />
Through hardening<br />
Tip surface hardening<br />
Hollow valves<br />
Stem size: > 6 mm<br />
Bore sealing:<br />
■ Laser welding<br />
■ Friction welding<br />
Sodium filling<br />
Fillet profile<br />
Turned, ground<br />
As forged<br />
Head top surface<br />
Machined<br />
As forged<br />
With or without dish<br />
Valve tip geometry<br />
1–3 grooves<br />
Special designs<br />
Valve length<br />
80–210 mm<br />
Valve head diameter<br />
18–65 mm<br />
Valve stem diameter<br />
5–12 mm<br />
Surface treatment<br />
Salt bath nitrided<br />
Hard chrome plated<br />
(Coating thickness: 3–35 μm)<br />
The greatest challenge is<br />
to determine the design of<br />
the valves. Our valves are<br />
designed for a wide variety<br />
of operating conditions in<br />
order to withstand the extreme<br />
mechanical, chemical<br />
and thermal loads and<br />
to assure optimum heat<br />
dissipation.<br />
15
WHAT ELSE WE HAVE BUILT-IN WITH<br />
EVERY ENGINE<br />
COMPONENT.
Sales and service<br />
The best engine component is of little use when<br />
it is not at the right place at the right time. In<br />
more than a dozen logistics centers and numerous<br />
regional bases at strategic locations in<br />
Europe, North and South America as well as<br />
Asia, <strong>MAHLE</strong> Aftermarket is therefore striving to<br />
provide an optimal flow of goods and consequently<br />
the best possible availability. This forms<br />
the basis for the worldwide supply network<br />
of the international <strong>MAHLE</strong> Aftermarket organization.<br />
for instance, of our constantly updated online<br />
catalog or our popular customer information<br />
system KIS. Furthermore, we offer our customers<br />
a demand-oriented training program. Practical<br />
sales material and informative packaging, complying<br />
with the newest security standards, are also<br />
part of our customer-oriented portfolio.<br />
In addition, we get involved in workshop co oper<br />
ations and also participate in individual advertising<br />
campaigns.<br />
However, apart from product quality and availability<br />
there are other matters to be considered.<br />
For example, the comprehensive customer care<br />
and advice or a convincing package of services.<br />
At <strong>MAHLE</strong> Aftermarket, this starts with the<br />
extensive supply of information. We think here,<br />
Comprehensive public relations work and our<br />
pre sence in the relevant trade and consumer<br />
media also assure that we are widely recog -<br />
nized and contribute to the excellent image of<br />
our brands.<br />
17
Stockholm<br />
<strong>MAHLE</strong> AFTERMARKET – AN<br />
INTERNATIONAL<br />
NETWORK.<br />
THE WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ASSURES OPTIMUM AVAILABILITY.<br />
Churubusco, US<br />
Niagara-on-the-Lake, CA<br />
Oldbury, GB<br />
Ann Arbor, US<br />
Poissy, FR<br />
Décines, FR<br />
St<br />
Olive Branch, US<br />
Alcalá de<br />
Henares, ES<br />
Mexico City, MX<br />
Limeira, BR<br />
Itajubá, BR<br />
Santo Tomé, AR
, SE<br />
uttgart, DE<br />
Krotoszyn, PL<br />
Izmir, TR<br />
Okegawa, JP<br />
Tokyo, JP<br />
Shanghai, CN<br />
Dubai, AE<br />
Gurgaon, IN<br />
Melbourne, AU
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