Joel A Lewis Youth Against Fascism.pdf

NOTES
96. Bard, "Capitalism Brings Forth The Little One," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA
(Section of the Young Communist International) 8, no.24 (November 27, 1930): 4.
97. "Prepare National Youth Day," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the
Young Communist International) 11, no.7 (May 10, 1933): 1.
98. "Birds of a Feather," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young
Communist International) 11, no.7 (May 10, 1933): 5.
99. NECYCLUSA, "Unite Against Fascism, Hunger and War! Young Communist League Calls For United Fight," The Young
Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 11, no.6
(April 26, 1933): 8.
100. Ibid., 8.
101. "How We Organized a United Front for Youth Relief," YCL Builder 1, no.3 (November, 1932): 7.
102. Walter Francis, "Leadership Working Below and Developing Struggles Thru Solid Personal Contacts With the Young
Workers," YCL Organizer 1, no.1 (September, 1932): 9, 10.
103. "How a Fraction Should Work: A Problem and an Answer," YCL Builder 1, no.7 (May, 1933): 15.
104. Michal, 41.
105. "Militarization and Fascization of the Youth and the Tasks of Young Communist Leagues," The Young Worker: Official
Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 12, no.7 (March 27, 1934):
1a.
106. Ibid., 2a.
107. Gil Green, "Tasks of YCL, USA in the Fight Against Boss War and Fascism," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the
Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 12, no.7 (March 27, 1934): 4a.
108. See Henry Winston, Character Building and Education in the Spirit of Socialism (New York: New Age Publishers, 1939).
109. Phil Schatz, "Civilization Against Hitler," Young Communist Review 3, no.10 (December, 1938): 13-14.
110. Gil Green, "The Path Towards Youth Unity," Young Communist Review 1, no.1 (September, 1936): 6.
111. Cohen, When the Old Left, 19.
112. Gil Green, "Sweet Sixteen," 5.
113. Abraham Edel, The Struggle for Academic Democracy: Lessons From the 1938 "Revolution" in New York's City Colleges
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 39-40.
114. Quoted in James Wechler, Revolt on the Campus (New York: Covici and Friede, 1935), 224-225.
115. Eileen Eagan, Class, Culture and the Classroom: The Student Peace Movement of the 1930's (Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 1981), 134.
116. Joseph Starobin, "Fourth Annual Congress of American Students Union," World Youth Review 1, no. 2 (February, 1939):
35.
117. Leaders of the YCLGB had grown accustom to legal persecution since their inception, especially when Bolshevik antimilitarist
techniques made YCLers vulnerable to persecution under sedition laws. Prior to and during the 1926 General
Strike, the British Government severely persecuted leading members of the CPGB and the YCL under the "Incitement to
Mutiny Act of 1797." At the time the YCL commented that the "vicious attacks by the Government of reaction" had not
broken the will of the YCL, but had instead resulted in making it "more stronger and united." See YCLGB, A Congress of
Young Fighters: A Report of the Fourth Congress of the Young Communist League of Great Britain (London: YCLGB,
1926), 35.
118. See Robert Benewick, A Study of British Fascism: Political Violence and Public Order (London: Allen Lane, 1969), Chp.
11 "The Public Order Act."
119. See "Hoover Government Bans Young Worker: Ban of Youth Paper Seen as War Step, Plot to Gag Labor," The Young
Worker 9, no.1 (January 1, 1931): 1; "Membership in YCL Sedition Says Court: Get Ten Years For Anti-War Leaflet,"
The Young Worker 9, no.5 (February 16, 1931): 1.
120. Mike Martini, "A Lesson From New York" Young Communist Review1, no. 3 (December, 1936): 7.
121. Fred Cox, "A People's Movement in the South" Young Communist Review 2, no. 3 (March, 1937): 11.
122. Although it was a powerful youth statement against war, the timing of its passage only ten days after Hitler's ascension to
the German chancellorship created an element of social fear that progressive British youth had inadvertently strengthened
the militant resolve of the fascists. See Martin Ceadel, "The 'King and Country' Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism
and the Dictators," The Historical Journal 22, No. 2 (June, 1979): 397-422.
123. Terry Cooney, "New Readings on the Old Left," American Literary History 11, no. 1 (Spring, 1999): 159.
124. G. Wilhelm Kunze, "Race and Youth," in Free America! Six Addresses on the Aims and Purposes of the German American
Bund (New York: AV Publishing, 1939), 14.
125. Strack, "Answering Questions On Collective Security," 11.
126. Joe Cohen, "In Review – War Our Heritage," Young Communist Review 2, no.1 (January, 1937) : 6.
127. "For Peace and Social Advance by the Defeat of the Chamberlain Government," Our Youth: Discussion Magazine of the
Young Communist League 2, no.4 (April, 1939): 105.
128. "Editorials," Young Communist Review 3, no.1 (March, 1938): 5.
129. Mac Weiss, "Four Years of the American Youth Congress," Young Communist Review 3, no.10 (December, 1938): 3.
130. Elizabeth Shields-Collins, "We Shall One Day Achieve Our Goal," in Official Program of the Second World Youth Congress
(New York: Academy Press, 1939), 1.
131. "The World Youth Congress Movement" World Youth Review 1, no. 1 (January, 1939): 16.
132. Quoted in Joseph Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend's Memoir (New York: Doubleday, 1964), 6.
133. Margot Kettle, "Recollections of a Younger World," 16.
134. The greatest service that young Communists gave the Spanish Republic was not in their literature and domestic campaigns
of solidarity, but in the voluntary military service they offered as members of the International Brigades. Willi Münzenberg,
the founding leader of the young communist movement, proposed the idea of the International Brigades to international
Communist Leader Georgi Dimitrov in September, 1936 to lend international military and political assistance to the
Spanish Republic. Throughout the short history of the International Brigades, over 40,000 volunteers representing over 50
nationalities fought in Spain, offering their lives in the protection of "democracy, freedom and the peace of the world."
135. Exact figures for the participation of young communists in the International Brigades are difficult to calculate since older
YCLers could hold joint membership in the Communist Party. Observations about the "large proportion" of YCLers in the
Brigades is based off from observations in YCL propaganda that made constant reference to the "significant" and "leading"
contributions that youth were contributing to the efforts of the Brigades. Other secondary sources on the Spanish
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