Joel A Lewis Youth Against Fascism.pdf

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APPENDIX Illustration 12 (Page 120). Forest S. Adams, "Right to Revolution Stressed by George Washington in 1776," The Young Worker: Weekly Organ of the Young Communist League, USA 14, no.7 (February 18, 1936): 5. Illustration 13 (Page 124). Gabriel Carritt, "Every Gun in Spain Defends us in Britain," Challenge: The Voice of Youth 5, no. 5 (February 4, 1939): 8. Illustration 14 (Page 125). Ted Ward, "This Army is Ready to Defend You," Challenge: The Voice of Youth 5, no. 8 (February 25, 1939): 3. 149
NOTES INTRODUCTION: COMMUNIST HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE YOUTH 1. Tim Davenport, "Young Communist International (1919-1943) Organizational History," in Early American Marxism: A Repository of Source Material, 1864-1964 Online Archive . Although Young Communist Leagues existed in South Africa, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Abyssinia and Rhodesia, the primary drive for communist movements in Africa came during the anti-colonial movements of the post-WWII period. During the time of the Comintern, three International Bureaus existed covering the Americas, Europe and Asia. Where Communist Parties and YCLs existed in colonial nations outside of these areas, the movements were overseen by the parties of the Imperial nation that had dominion over that particular colony. See Geoffrey Stern, Atlas of Communism (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991), 78-79. 2. See Richard Cornell, Revolutionary Vanguard: The Early Years of the Communist Youth International, 1914-1924 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982). 3. Ibid., viii. 4. At the Second Congress of the Communist International, Willie Münzenberg insisted that the question of youth was the most significant question facing the Comintern. Münzenberg urged for the widest possible discussion of the position of youth before the entire Comintern Congress. Münzenberg's proposals for discussion were postponed by Grigory Zinoviev in order to allow sufficient time for debate with the British delegation over communist parliamentary tactics. At its Third World Congress, the Comintern thoroughly discussed the question of youth and adopted a series of resolutions to define the "correct relationship" between adults and the youth. See "Minutes of the Second Congress of the Communist International: Thirteenth Session, August 6, 1920," in The History of the Communist International Internet Archive . 5. YCLGB, A Short History of the Young Communist International (London: Dorrit Press, 1927), 14. 6. For commentary on the Comintern initiatives to create a "Leninist Generation" of youth see Gidon Cohen and Kevin Morgan, "Stalin's Sausage Machine: British Students at the International Lenin School, 1926-37," Twentieth Century British History 13, no.4 (November, 2002): 327-355. 7. In a 1938 editorial on political radicalism, Harvey Zorbaugh commented on the inter-war youth stating, "Observers were mindful of the upheavals that have taken place in one part of the world after another, and of the role that youth had played in those upheavals – China, where youth had become the incarnation of aggressive nationalism; Russia, where youth had been the backbone of communism; Italy, where youth had been the vanguard of fascism; Germany, where youth was the spearhead of Hitlerism. The question began to be asked: Which way America's youth" Harvey W. Zorbaugh, "Which Way America's Youth," Journal of Educational Sociology: The Challenge of Youth 11, no.6, (Feb., 1938): 322-334. For commentary on other youth movements, including fascist youth movements, of the interwar period see John R. Gillis, "Conformity and Rebellion: Contrasting Styles of English and German Youth, 1900-33," History of Education Quarterly 13, no.3 (Autumn, 1973): 249-260; H.W. Koch, The Hitler Youth: Origins and Development 1922-1945 (New York: Stein and Day, 2000); Walter Lacquer, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement (New York: Transaction, 1984); David I. Macleod, Building Character In The American Boy: The Boy Scouts, The YMCA, And Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983). 8. For the US see Paul Mishler, Raising Reds: The Young Pioneers, Radical Summer Camps, and Communist Political Culture in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999); Judy Kaplan and Linn Shapiro, ed., Red Diapers: Growing Up in the Communist Left (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998). For Britain see Phil Cohen, Children of the Revolution: Communist Childhood in Cold War Britain (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1997). 9. For the US see Robert Cohen, When the Old Left Was Young: Student Radicals and America's First Mass Student Movement, 1929-1941 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Eileen Eagan, Class, Culture, and the Classroom: The Student Peace Movement of the 1930's (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981); Hal Draper, "The Student Movement of the Thirties: A Political History," in As We Saw the Thirties: Essays on Social and Political Movements of a Decade, ed. Rita James Simon (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1967), 151-189. For the case of Britain see James Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements 1883-1940 (London: Croom Helm, 1977); James Hinton, Protests and Visions: Peace Politics in 20 th Century Britain (London: Hutchinson Press, 1989); Arthur Marwick, "Youth in Britain, 1920-60: Detachment and Commitment," Journal of Contemporary History 5, no.1 (1970): 37-51. 10. For a discussion of the impact of the "totalitarian" model on Cold War historiography see Alfred G. Meyer, "Coming to Terms With the Past… and With One's Older Colleagues," Russian Review 45, no.4 (October, 1986): 401-408. 11. By its very nature, totalitarian theory has been extremely contentious and used in a variety of contexts. Though the term originated prior to WWII, Hannah Arendt popularized its usage with her 1951 publication The Origins of Totalitarianism. Generally speaking, totalitarianism refers to a political state ruled by a single party that utilizes propaganda, state regulations, education and terror to control and guide all facets of public and private life. Critics of totalitarian theory have contended that the concept blurs the important divergences in ideology, practices and motivations that existed between the communist and fascist movements, denouncing publications like The Black Book of Communism that contend the Nazi Reich and Soviet Union were "totalitarian twins." Many social scientists and historians have argued that such analysis is 150
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This book is dedicated to the memor
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Hulett, Fatima Uygun, Janey Buchan,
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INTRODUCTION: COMMUNIST HISTORIOGRA
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COMMUNIST HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE YO
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THE LENINIST GENERATION youth could
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THE LENINIST GENERATION By upholdin
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THE LENINIST GENERATION especially
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THE LENINIST GENERATION young, who
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THE LENINIST GENERATION in the happ
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THE LENINIST GENERATION warnings, i
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THE LENINIST GENERATION organizatio
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THE LENINIST GENERATION such relati
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THE LENINIST GENERATION critiquing
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THE LENINIST GENERATION Although th
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THE LENINIST GENERATION radicalism,
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THE LENINIST GENERATION The communi
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THE LENINIST GENERATION first publi
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2 YOUTH AGAINST FASCISM: THE CONSTR
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION counte
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION Comint
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION energy
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION this w
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION of the
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION erful
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION YCL me
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION The gr
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION First
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THE POPULAR FRONT GENERATION In con
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NATIONALISM put them to the test in
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NATIONALISM men, women or child mer
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NATIONALISM The second type of issu
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NATIONALISM with chauvinism.... Com
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NATIONALISM Parliament. Youth force
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NATIONALISM Political liberty is es
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NATIONALISM Civil War, whose result
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NATIONALISM constitution stated, "T
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NATIONALISM The YCLUSA could not ut
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4 UNITY OF YOUTH: FROM SECTARIANISM
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UNITY OF YOUTH countries." 12 The Y
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UNITY OF YOUTH While fascism framed
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UNITY OF YOUTH In stark contrast to
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UNITY OF YOUTH Though the YCL propa
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UNITY OF YOUTH At the earliest poss
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UNITY OF YOUTH The Leninist YCL den
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UNITY OF YOUTH strating that if "ou
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UNITY OF YOUTH nists made for a uni
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UNITY OF YOUTH Circle League insist
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UNITY OF YOUTH ated the themes of y
Page 110 and 111: 5 DEMOCRACY: FROM DENUNCIATION TO D
Page 112 and 113: DEMOCRACY Young communists did not
Page 114 and 115: DEMOCRACY of freedom, the slogan of
Page 116 and 117: DEMOCRACY racy. YWL rhetoric dismis
Page 118 and 119: DEMOCRACY lenge offered such a foru
Page 120 and 121: DEMOCRACY Army men have a share in
Page 122 and 123: DEMOCRACY the imperialist role of B
Page 124 and 125: DEMOCRACY Road to Victory: Marching
Page 126 and 127: DEMOCRACY Popular Front strategies
Page 128 and 129: DEMOCRACY by fighting "to defend an
Page 130 and 131: DEMOCRACY Another component of the
Page 132 and 133: DEMOCRACY The Leninist Generation e
Page 134 and 135: DEMOCRACY published a songbook enti
Page 136 and 137: DEMOCRACY statements like, "We spea
Page 138 and 139: DEMOCRACY aggression against democr
Page 140 and 141: DEMOCRACY tional Brigades, who were
Page 142 and 143: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR to u
Page 144 and 145: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR the
Page 146 and 147: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR Brow
Page 148 and 149: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR not
Page 150 and 151: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR This
Page 152 and 153: THE YOUTH STRUGGLE AGAINST WAR of t
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX Nazi NCYCLGB NCYCLUSA NSL
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX Illustration 3 (Page 49).
Page 158 and 159: APPENDIX Illustration 8 (Page 71).
Page 162 and 163: NOTES reductionist in its methodolo
Page 164 and 165: NOTES political displacement by his
Page 166 and 167: NOTES scribe themselves and the per
Page 168 and 169: NOTES 44. "Minutes of the Second Co
Page 170 and 171: NOTES Socialist Party." See Earl Br
Page 172 and 173: NOTES movement. See "The Language B
Page 174 and 175: NOTES 35. Leninist state theory had
Page 176 and 177: NOTES 96. Bard, "Capitalism Brings
Page 178 and 179: NOTES to revolutionary agitation, e
Page 180 and 181: NOTES 68. See Thomas Ricento, "The
Page 182 and 183: NOTES 47. Though the Comintern open
Page 184 and 185: NOTES 108. "10th Annual Conference
Page 186 and 187: NOTES 168. "Spain Marches Ahead to
Page 188 and 189: NOTES 42. For an insightful comment
Page 190 and 191: NOTES 125. Mick Bennett, "Our Ideal
Page 192 and 193: NOTES figure in the cultural activi
Page 194 and 195: NOTES throughout the Popular Front
Page 196 and 197: BIBLIOGRAPHY Communist Party Collec
Page 198 and 199: BIBLIOGRAPHY Chemodanov, V. Struggl
Page 200 and 201: BIBLIOGRAPHY Labour Party NEC, "Lea
Page 202 and 203: BIBLIOGRAPHY YCLGB. A Congress of Y
Page 204 and 205: BIBLIOGRAPHY Connolly, James. "Soci
Page 206 and 207: BIBLIOGRAPHY Pecinovsky, Tony. "A H
Page 208 and 209: BIBLIOGRAPHY Denisoff, R. Serge. "F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Morris, Bernard S. "Co
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnew, Jeremy and Kevi
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Cornell, Richard. Revo
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hardie Martin, and Art
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Lindemann, Albert S. A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Rosenhaft, Eve. Beatin
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YOUTH AGAINST FASCISM Todd, Nigel.
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