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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages between analog preservation materials and digitized films. Analog film Digitized film Permanence Long-term preserved, > 500 years in cold storage � Not preserved more than 10-15 years Costs High expenses today, but low in the future � Smaller expenses today, but high expenses for conversion and storage of data in the future Availability Low-technology Data always available � High-technology Availability of data uncertain Resolution Pictures with high resolution � Pictures with lower resolution depending on scan and media Technology Out-dated? Analog film material might not be produced in the future � New technology But the future for digital formats is uncertain Fashion Not in fashion And not followed by funding � In fashion and followed by funding � Accessibility None or almost no accessibility � Great accessibility, if distributed on the Internet � using 2 K resolution (2000 lines) is counted on as an acceptable resolution. One hour of a 2 K scan takes up one terabyte. Technology Not all conditions, however, are in favor of analog film preservation. The production of 35 and 16 mm film material may simply end, which will close down analog film preservation altogether. On the other hand, even though digitized films deal with new technologies, there are no guaranties that for example tapes, play-back machines or software will be produced or supported in the years to come. Fashion and accessibility Producing analog preservation materials is not fashionable today, and it is hard to get financial support for it. In comparison with digitization it is understandable, when considering the possibilities, which digitized films give. Digitization of film allows for easy accessibility and incredibly wide possibilities for increasing the knowledge of cultural heritage worldwide. Preservation plan Scenario 1: If the sponsored films are printed, they will be preserved in the long term. But they will not be easily accessible and it will only be possible to view the films in the cinema. Scenario 2: If the sponsored films are only digitized, we can not ensure long-term preservation of the materials. We will encounter massive problems in dealing with digital storage, preservation of tapes and playback machines etc. Scenario 3: � � � � � In the case of both analog printing and digitization, the films will both be preserved in the long term and accessible. This is the preferable solution, but also incredibly expensive. If no financial support can be found for scenario 3, a mix of scenario 2 and 3 may be an acceptable solution. The best and most interesting film must of course be printed and preserved on analog preservation materials and they must be digitized and afterwards communicated though the Internet if the copyrights allow it. All sponsored film on cellulose nitrate must be carefully selected and all worthy of preservation must be printed. In the case of materials of lesser interest, part digitization may be a solution. Examples could be digitized as an appetizer with the possibilities for further digitization and preservation if funding is raised. It is obvious that if the sponsor company still exists, they might be interested in supporting the preservation of their own films. 93
A preservation example In 2008 at the Danish Film Archive a sponsored film was preserved and communicated though Danmarks Nationalfilmografi at the Danish Film Institutes website: www.dfi.dk. That was the case with the film Brødrene Dahl Filmen from 1942, directed by Karl Roos. Brødrene Dahl is a Danish plumbing wholesaler, which has existed since 1867. The company contacted the Danish Film Archive in order to investigate the possibilities of transferring the film to DVD. They wanted to use the film for a private company museum and for meetings and conferences. This film and four other films from the company were donated to the Danish Film Archive in 1972 and 1974. For this particular film title the archive holds several different film materials. - Original negative, 35 mm nitrate, black/white, 6 reels. - Sound negative, 35 mm nitrate, 6 reels - Copy, 35 mm nitrate, black/white, with sound, 4 reels. - Original negative and sound negatives, extra materials or cut offs, 7 reels. The material was collected from the nitrate film archive and examined. It was found that the copy was not complete as reel no. 1 was missing due to degradation. Therefore, the only complete existing material was the original negative, and it was decided to include the film in the ongoing preservation program at the Danish Film Institute. That means that the original negative including the sound negative was sent to Haghe film in Holland, which is the printing laboratory that performs analog preservation materials for the Danish Film Archive. At Haghe film three preservation materials were made: A duplicate positive, an answer print [11] and a release print. After return of the materials to 94 Denmark, the release print was sent to Nordisk Film - Short Cut, for digital scanning. The Danish Film Institute paid for the production of the analog preservation materials, and the company Brødrene Dahl paid for the digital scanning. Brødrene Dahl gave permission to the Danish Film Institute for releasing the film on the website. In table 3 the time scale and prize for one preservation example are shown. Table 3 shows that “the full preservation package” cost app. 18,400 EUR (138,000 DKK) for one film at 64 minutes. Conclusion In order to ensure long-term preservation of the sponsored film, there are far more advantages in making analog preservation materials compared to digitized tapes or files. But the analog preservation materials are also far more expensive to produce compared with digitized information. On the other hand, the cost for proper storage of digitized information can be far more expensive in the future. Sponsored films were often produced onto problematic materials and film formats, which may result in loss of films or inappropriate preservation if nothing is done. Nitrate films may be lost due to degradation, and films divided into A & B rolls may either not be printed in a sufficient way or a screening copy with low image quality may be used for digitization instead of the original material. This is due to high prices of digital scanning of A & B-rolls. The sponsored films must be properly collected and registered, and the most important and interesting sponsored films must both be printed and digitized to ensure preservation and accessibility. Less important films may only be digitized, but afterwards used as an appetizer in order to collect further financial funding for producing analog preservation materials and further digitization. Sponsored films are cultural heritage and tell histories not told anywhere else. Hopefully, future digitization projects will give new life to the sponsored films together with many other short films and documentaries.
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
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Contributions
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Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
Page 67 and 68: The EWO is available on direct orde
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 86 and 87: % of very brittle objects (3 hand f
Page 88 and 89: lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
Page 116 and 117: of status of the watch is obvious i
Page 118 and 119: [26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
Page 120 and 121: Gramophones and Records - the first
Page 122 and 123: Record manufacturing process 1925-1
Page 124 and 125: Gramophones The reproducing machine
Page 126 and 127: Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
Page 128 and 129: USS Monitor conservation: preservin
Page 130 and 131: Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
Page 132 and 133: Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
Page 136: Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
Page 139 and 140: Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
Page 141 and 142: During its time in storage at the N
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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