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lie in the range of 20-25 euros per kg. Experiences from The National Library in Switzerland [12] show that management, transportation excluded, is about five minutes/unit. The actual cost of mass deacidification will thus be somewhat larger. A mass deacidification of the Royal Library’s collections will cost approx. 279 million DKK and in addition costs must be added for selection, administration, transportation, possible development of a national plant etc. In comparison, the extra energy costs for lifetime prolongations gained through lowering the temperature/humidity in a newly built repository was calculated by the Royal Library’s Maintenance Department [13]. From the calculated energy costs at selected lifetime prolongations table 1 can be put up: When comparing the costs it turns out that for the same price we get a greater life prolongation (4 times against 3) by cooling to 10 ºC for a period of around 185 years than it is possible to achieve by mass deacidification even when additional costs for the selection, transportation, management, etc. in connection with deacidification is not included. It is interesting that the five times greater lifetime prolongation by cooling to 5 ºC compared to cooling to 10 ºC only results in an additional energy cost of 50%. This is because less water is present in the air at lower temperatures thus requiring less energy consuming conditioning. The decision Apart from cold storage being the most cost effective means to prolong the lifetime of the collections it has other advantages compared to mass deacidification: we do not have to pick out the acidic object from the big collections where they are spread out (including administration, transport, quality control); there is no material which we will have to sort out because of risk, material composition or condition; there are no side effects or alterations leading to loss of authenticity; all objects, including the non-acidic ones, will gain a prolonged lifetime; it is possible to alter the decision if the premises changes. Typically, cold storage requires a new building to house the materials. This is significantly more Lifetime extension Mass deacidification Cooling x2 x3-4 x20 15ºC/45%RH 0.70DKK/ year 140 DKK 10ºC/50%RH 0.75 DKK/ year 5ºC/30%RH 1.10 DKK/ year Table 1. Cost of lifetime prolongation of a book (750 g) compared to storage at 20 ºC/50% RH. The calculation is theoretical and does not account for infiltration from expedition, light, impact from the sun on façades, etc., and only count with an average summer and winter situation. Energy price 1.5 DKK/kWh. Future raise in energy prices is not taken into account. expensive than to build a typical air-conditioned space. It is not just the air conditioning units, but construction techniques, insulation, air locks, and ventilation designs all become more complicated and expensive. Other identified disadvantages are the required consumption of extra energy leading to higher annual maintenance costs and emission of CO 2 . This means that future management might decide to raise the temperature to lower the costs, thereby reducing or eliminating the intended benefit. Also conditioning is required to avoid condensation when objects are moved in and out of the repository hereby prolonging the time for expedition. On the other hand, if huge projects on mass digitalization for the next years come into effect, it fits well in with cold storage as the original objects seldom will have to leave the repository. And last but not least, the staff working in the repositories may not feel comfortable if the temperature is low. From evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages related to cold storage and mass deacidification, the Conservation Department recommends that the library in the future only focuses on developing the capacity to store the collections in a colder environment as mass deacidification neither is an ethical nor economically competitive method. From our cost estimations it is clear that cold storage is by far the most cost effective means to prolong the lifetime of The Royal Library´s collections. The decision to opt out of mass deacidification to preserve large amounts of acidic paper must, of cause, continuously be evaluated as conditions changes. 87
The Royal Library has already begun on improving the climate in repositories, to extend the lifetime of our collections. In 2007 we started using our new repositories in Njalsgade 112 with an average of 12º C and 45% RH where we expect the remaining lifetime to be quadrupled. And we are now engaged on plans to get a very cold repository when we again will have to expand the number of lm around year 2018. Author Birgit Vinther Hansen The Royal Library, Preservation Department Lergravsvej 59 2300 Copenhagen S Denmark e-mail: bvh@kb.<strong>dk</strong> References [1] ”Bevaring af surt papir i de statslige samlinger”: Netpublikation udgivet af Styrelsen for Bibliotek og Medier, 29. december 2008 på www.bibliotekogmedier. <strong>dk</strong>/publikationer/ [2] Pedersen, H.P.: ”Kilder til nogle Jydsk-Fynske Papirfabrikkers historie ca. 1795 – ca. 1850”. Konservatorskolen 1996, s. 50 [3] Dąbrowski, J., “Aspects of Technology and Market Forces in the Story of Permanent and Durable Papers.” In IPH Congress –book 15/2004, p. 117-134. [4] Drott, M.C., „Random Sampling: a Tool for library Research”. College & Research Libraries 30, 1969, s. 119-125. [5] ”Resultater af masseafsyringsudvalgets stikprøveundersøgelser i Det Kongelige Biblioteks, Statens Arkivers og Statsbibliotekets Samlinger”. Report written by The Royal Library’s Preservation Department, June 2007. [6] Kolar, J (oral presentation), “Predicting the Future: Estimating Future Conditions from Past Trends” on the conference Advances in paper Conservation Reserach, 23.-24. March 2009 in London. 88 [7] Kolar, J (oral presentation), “Immediate and Long-term Effect of Deacidification Treatments (thermal ageing)” on the conference PaperDurability II, 7.-9. July 2008 in Slovenia. [8] Balažic, A.; Habicht, S.; Smodiš, M.; Kolar, J. and Strlič, M, “Extending the Useful Life of Paper – Evaluation of the Effect of Various Preservation Actions” in Museum Microclimatees – Contributions to the conference in Copenhagen 19-23 November 2007, p 39-41. [9] ASHRAE Handbook - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning - Systems and Equipment, Chapter 21, 2007. [10] BS5454:2000. “Recommendations for the storage and exhibition of archival documents” [11] ”Udredning om bevaring af kulturarven”,2003. Kulturministeriet, p. 33 [12] ”Papierentsaüerung im Schweizerischen Bundesarchiv” from the conference ” Mass Deacidification. Today’s Experience – Tomorrow’s Perspectives”, 15.-17. February, 2006. [13] The calculations can be found in appendix to [1]
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
Page 38: Contributions
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
Page 67 and 68: The EWO is available on direct orde
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 86 and 87: % of very brittle objects (3 hand f
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 94 and 95: Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
Page 116 and 117: of status of the watch is obvious i
Page 118 and 119: [26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
Page 120 and 121: Gramophones and Records - the first
Page 122 and 123: Record manufacturing process 1925-1
Page 124 and 125: Gramophones The reproducing machine
Page 126 and 127: Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
Page 128 and 129: USS Monitor conservation: preservin
Page 130 and 131: Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
Page 132 and 133: Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
Page 136: Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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