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% of very brittle objects (3 hand folds 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 Year Fig. 5. The proportion of objects in the studied collections from 1850-1985, which will have reached a stage of degradation, where the paper break after 3 hand-folds if the collections are kept stored as until 2006. The part of alkaline paper makes 11.4% of the library’s collection from the period 1850 to 1985 and thus makes the acidic part 88.6% to 100% in the figure. 6 and 7 two major mass deacidification systems are illustrated. The life extending effect of mass deacidification depends on how acidic the paper is. The more acidic, the greater prolongation of the remaining life can be Fig. 6. The Bookkeeper mass deacidification treatment takes place in cylinders with a dispersion of perflurocarbon and magnesium oxide. achieved as highly acidic paper has a short lifespan. Each of our collections all has an average pH of about five. The European research project PaperTreat surveyed the achieved stabilisation factors by deacidification at different pH-levels [7]. At pH five, the expected effect of mass deacidification was calculated to a maximum of three time prolonged lifetime. Some objects in the collections will have a lower pH value and may get a higher factor of stabilisation while others will have higher pH and get less out of it. Balasžic et al [8] found a factor of stabilisation of 3.3 (+/- 0,9) at the higher pH 6.2 but compared to an environment for the untreated paper at 65% RH which is significantly higher than the recommend RH in repositories with paper. According to ASHRAE [9] the lifetime of hydrolysis dominated degradation is prolonged by two times if the climate is changed from 20ºC/50% RH to 18ºC/40% RH. If the temperature is further lowered to 12 ºC with RH at 45 %, the lifetime can be multiplied by four. By climatic change it is even possible to multiply the lifetime by 20 if the temperature is lowered to 5 ºC in combination with a RH at 30%. A prolongation of the lifetime by three times gained by mass deacidification can be obtained Fig. 7. In the PaperSave mass deacidification treatment there is no agitation but the batch is going into a deacidification chamber with a solution of magnesium titanium alkoxide and hexamethyldisiloxane. 85
% of objects Fig. 8. Lifetime estimations by different means calculated from the age, pH and brittleness of the examined objects from The Royal Library’s collections from 1850-1985. The graph shows how big a part of the objects, which in the future will reach the degradation state “3 hand folds”. by lowering of the temperature and humidity from 20 ºC/50% RH to 15 ºC/45% RH. In Fig. 8, the effect of mass deacidification, with subsequent storage in an unregulated repository, at 20 degrees is compiled with the calculated effect of different climatic scenarios. In a long-term perspective, there is a great difference in the effectiveness of various measures. As seen in Fig. 6, 82% of the Royal Library’s objects will be brittle in 2200 if they remain in the heated, unregulated repositories. By moving the objects to an environment according to BS 5454 [10] (16 º C and 45% RH) the degradation rate is actually halved, and in year 2200 57% instead of 82% of the objects are expected to be degraded. By storing the objects at 12º C and 45% RH, the remaining lifetime is quadrupled, and “only” around 32% of the objects are expected to become degraded in the year 2200. A mass deacidification of paper may prolong life by up to three times, and if we perform deacidification in 2020 (which is the earliest realistic scenario) approximately 45% of our collections are expected 86 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2020 2040 20ºC / 50%RH 16ºC / 45%RH 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 Year 2160 2180 2200 Mass deacidification i 2020 5ºC / 30%/RH 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 12ºC / 45%RH to be very brittle in 2200. The last scenario 5° C and 30% RH is chosen from the recommendation in the Danish Ministry of Culture’s report on the preservation of cultural heritage, which states that acidic, wood-containing paper should be stored in repositories at about 5 ºC [11] as recommended for unstable plastics. As seen in the figure, this will very effectively slow down the degradation rate so that the number of objects that exceed the threefold border will only increase with three percent (from 13% to 16%) from 2020 to 2200. Of course, it is also possible to combine mass deacidification with cooling, for example 16 ºC/45% RH, thereby extending the life by up to 5-6 times. Cost/lifetime By calculating the cost of lifetime prolongations for both mass deacidification and cold storage (at different levels of temperature and humidity), we can compare the cost for each means. We have received three international price estimates on mass deacidification of our collections, which all
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
Page 35 and 36: Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
Page 38: Contributions
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
Page 67 and 68: The EWO is available on direct orde
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 88 and 89: lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 94 and 95: Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
Page 116 and 117: of status of the watch is obvious i
Page 118 and 119: [26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
Page 120 and 121: Gramophones and Records - the first
Page 122 and 123: Record manufacturing process 1925-1
Page 124 and 125: Gramophones The reproducing machine
Page 126 and 127: Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
Page 128 and 129: USS Monitor conservation: preservin
Page 130 and 131: Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
Page 132 and 133: Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
Page 134 and 135: Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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