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4 and 5 shows general similarity in the responses. However there are some differences. Eq. 4 and 5 show dependence on RH, but not Eq. 1 and 2. This may be due to larger variation in environmental parameters, including RH, during the 8 years natural weathering experiment from which Eq. 4 and 5 were derived [4] , as compared to the indoors experimental exposures of the PPO/EWO. Eq. 5 also shows dependence on SO 2 which was not found for the PPO/EWO, except at high doses and humidity in the laboratory. Figure 3 shows correlation of calculated effects on EWO with that on PUR (Eq. 4) and PES (Eq. 5) using input from the 80 measurements of the environmental parameters in 10 European Museums in the EU project MASTER [3] . Measured values for UV were not used in the equation due to the difficulty of recalculating the UV values measured in units of mW/m 2 into the global irradiance units used in Eq. 4 and 5. As the UV values measured in the indoors locations were 0 or very low this should not give a large error. Even if the correlations between EWO/PUR and EWO/PES seen in Figure 3 are not very good they do suggest degradation mechanisms that depend on the same environmental parameters, as is also seen from the Eq. 1, 2, 4 and 5. The numerical change in the damage parameter for the PES compared with the EWO is somewhat higher than that for PUR. However, to compare EWO levels with damage of these materials it would be necessary to establish levels of “real” perceived damage dependant on environmental levels as in Table 3 and 4. For modern synthetic materials that in some cases may be more vulnerable to degradation than most other organic materials, lower tolerable levels and more stringent environmental control may be needed. The humidity dependence in Eq. 4 and 5 explain 94 % (PUR) and 74 % (PES) of the effect on PUR and PES not explained by EWO (the constant in the correlations) in Figure 3. The SO 2 dependence in Eq. 5 only explains 0.6 % of the effect on PES not explained by EWO in Figure 3. Thus, the EWO can represent PUR and PES degradation effects except the unfortunate lack of sensitivity of the EWO to humidity. EWO values representing determined threshold levels for the degradation of PUR and PES (Eq. 4 and 5) can be calculated from the correlation equations for PUR and PES in Figure 3. The constants in the correlation equations would then mainly represent average humidity effects expected on PUR and PES indoors in museums. When directly comparing degradation of dosimeter and object material, the EWO response cannot be indirectly adjusted for RH effects using the RH-T interdependence as was the case above when using environmental threshold values. From Eq. 4 and 5 it can be seen that the RH effect is linear at constant temperature and duration of exposure and relatively large compared to that of the pollutants. Thus, to reduce the rates of these degradation effects it is important to keep the RH as low as possible. It would be recommended to perform independent RH measurements. This should be reflected in guidelines accompanying use of the EWO. Conclusion Dosimetry is a useful method to assess the quality of museum environments to assure good preventive conservation of museum objects. The main advantage of dosimetry, compared to measurements of single environmental parameters, is that dosimeters measure generic effects comparable to those on objects, of several environmental parameters usually including both pollutants and climate. A main challenge in using dosimeters is to relate the measured effects on dosimeters to the real effects observed on objects. This can be accomplished by relating the measured effects to tolerable levels of the single environmental parameters or by direct comparison with the objects to protect. In both cases the dosimeters need to be sensitive to the major degrading influences on the real object. If this is not the case combined use of several dosimeter types, e.g. one sensitive to oxidising another to acidic pollutant gases, is an option. EWO-dosimetry can most easily be used to assure good environments for collections including modern synthetic materials by applying general threshold levels set for organic museum objects, or possibly levels modified to fit effects on modern synthetics. To measure degradation risk for particular modern synthetics one needs to compare known dose-response data for those materials with the EWO dose-response equation, to evaluate applicability and determine threshold levels. 65
The EWO is available on direct order from the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) to be applied for the simple assessment of the environmental quality for organic museum objects kept in indoor environments. This paper shows that evaluation with the EWO of the air quality and consequent conservation conditions for synthetic polymers used in cultural heritage objects, based on the presently applied tolerability levels of environments for different indoor archive and museum locations, is feasible. Such an evaluation will give similar or increased protection as that offered to other vulnerable organic objects, by the environmental conditions specified for each level. One needs however to be aware of the possibility of increased need for protection of particularly sensitive materials, for which the generally determined tolerability levels may not be valid. Authors Terje Grøntoft and Susana Lopez-Aparicio Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) P.O.box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway. teg@nilu.no http://www.nilu.no/ Notes 1 Shashoua, Y. (2006) Inhibiting the Inevitable; Curent Approaches to Slowing Deterioration of Plastics. Macromol. Symp. 238, 67-77. 2 Wypych, G. (1995) Handbook on Material Weathering. ChemTec Publishing, Toronto- Scarborough. 3 Grøntoft, T., Dahlin, E., Henriksen, J.F., Rentmeiseter, S., Hanko, M., Heinze, J., Taylor, J., Blades, N. And Cassar, M. (2006) An early warning system for organic materials in museums, historic buildings and archives. In Drdácký, M. and Chapuis, M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 7 th European Conference “SAUVEUR” Safeguarded Cultural Heritage. Understanding & Viability for the Enlarged Europe. Volume 1 – Papers. 31 st May – 3 rd June, Prague, Czech Republic. 66 4 Reichert, T., Poshner, U., Ziegahn, K-F., Fitz, S., Anshelm, F., Gauger, T., Schuster, H., Droste-Franke, B., Friedrich, R., and Tidblad, J. (2004) Effects of Modern Environments on Materials – Polymers, Paintings and Coatings. In: Kucera, V., Tidblad, J., and Hamiltion, R. (ed.) Bulletin 110E. Cultural Heritage in the City of Tomorrow. Developing Policies to Manage the Continuing Risks from Air Pollution. Proceedings from the MULTI- ASSESS Workshop, London, United Kingdom, June 10-1, 2004. Swedish Corrosion Institute AB. 5 Tétrault, J. (2003) Airborne Pollutants in Museums, Galleries, and Archives: Risk Assessment, Control Strategies and Preservation Management, Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute,. 6 Sebera, D. (1994) Isoperms: an environmental tool, Washington: Committee on Preservation and Access. 7 J. Taylor, N. Blades, M. Cassar, T. Grøntoft, E. Dahlin, S. Rentmeister, M. Hanko and J. Heinze. (2006) Preventive Conservation Strategy. In Dahlin, E. (Ed.) EU project MASTER. Preventive Conservation Strategies for Protection of Organic Objects in Museums, Historic Buildings and Archives. Final Report. Del no. 8.2. Part 2. Chap 2.7. 8 Graedel, T.E., Leygraf, C. (2000) Atmospheric Corrosion. Electrochemical Society Series. John Wiley & Ins Inc. New York.
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
Page 15 and 16: need tons of cans to fully understa
Page 17 and 18: one of the first to be industrializ
Page 19 and 20: manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
Page 21 and 22: have very similar characteristics;
Page 23 and 24: MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
Page 25 and 26: 16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Collections containing pla
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
Page 31 and 32: diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
Page 33 and 34: Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
Page 35 and 36: Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
Page 38: Contributions
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 65: Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 86 and 87: % of very brittle objects (3 hand f
Page 88 and 89: lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 94 and 95: Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
Page 116 and 117:
of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
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USS Monitor conservation: preservin
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Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
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Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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