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Table 3: Sensitivities expressed as LOAED levels of vulnerable materials to NO 2 , used to determine EWO response thresholds. Values in brackets are years of exposure. Thresholds / Tolerability - location levels R = C * t x (3) Where: R = response C = pollutant concentration t = time x = time dependence = 1 for the linear case Thus, for any material with LOAED levels that can be derived from similar linear equations the threshold levels in Tables 1 and 2 and the derived EWO evaluation of environments are valid if the important degrading environmental variables are included and the concentration levels for the respective locations are accepted. However, as is discussed below, such an effect evaluation is not necessarily complete. Reichert et al. (2004) report the following dependences of degradation effects on two modern synthetic polymers: Penetration depth of a dye in polyurethan PUR = 0.5777 + 0.49*(G*t)^0.5 + 0.0253*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * RH*t + 0.0184*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * NO 2 *t + 0.0122*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * O 3 *t (4) Colour change of Fibre Reinforced Polyester (PES) = 0.4383 + 0.5979*(G*t^0.4)^0.5 + 0.0354*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * RH*t^0.65 + 0.0064*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * SO 2 *t^0.65 NO 2 (ppb) Paper loses strength, ppb*year (year) Changes in typical plant dyes on cotton ppb* year (year) + 0.0195*(10-9*T*108/3.142)^0.5 * O 3 *t^0.65 (5) Where: G = global radiation (radiance, annual average in W/m 2 ) T = exposition time in years Change in natural organic colorants on paper ppb* year (year) 1 – Archive store 2 20 (10) 10 (5) 40 (20) 2 – Purpose built museum 5 5 (1) 25 (5) 3 – House museum 10 20 (2) 5 (0.5) 4 – Open structure 20 20 (1) 40 (2) 5 – External store with no control 30 15 (0.5) 30 (1) Table 4: Sensitivities expressed as LOAED levels of vulnerable materials to O 3 , used to determine EWO response thresholds. Values in brackets are years of exposure. Thresholds / Tolerability - location levels O 3 (ppb) Paper and organic colorants on water colour paper and silk ppb*year (year) Photographic film dyes and images ppb* year (year) Most sensitive organic colorants ppb* year (year) 1 – Archive store 2.3 46 (20) 1.15 (0.5) 2 – Purpose built museum 6 60 (10) 30 (5) 3 – House museum 13 52 (4) 26 (2) 4 – Open structure 25 50 (2) 25 (1) 5 – External store with no control 50 50 (1) 25 (0.5) T = averaged air temperature at exposition (annual average in °C) RH = averaged relative humidity at exposition (annual average in %) O 3 = averaged concentration for ozone in µg / m 3 NO 2 = averaged concentration for nitrogen dioxide in µg/ m 3 SO 2 = averaged concentration for sulphur dioxide in µg/m 3 Eq. 4 has linear time dependence on the pollutant concentrations, but this is not the case for Eq. 5. A time dependence < 1, as in Eq. 5 is typical for many materials [8] as the very first degraded surface layer reduce the reaction rate. For LOAEDs corresponding to the first surface effects of a slow reaction it may, even in this case, be possible to fit a linear equation, with little error. However, for such cases (x < 1 in Eq. 3) it would generally be necessary to recalculate the EWO trigger values and responses in Table 1 and 2. Using the same concentration values for lowest level, the consequence would be higher tolerable concentration levels and EWO responses at the higher location levels (1-4) in the tables. It could be argued that this is a good thing, as the levels now determined 63
Figure 3: Correlation of EWO response (Eq. 2) and PUR (Eq. 4) and PES (Eq. 5) response using input from measurements in 20 room locations for 4 periods of three months in 10 European museums from the EU project MASTER. The figure shows the measurement results from the MASTER locations in relation to tolerable levels determined for the EWO for different types of locations at RH = 55% (Table 2). The determination of the first level, “Archive store” was based on the dose response equation for showcases (Eq. 1), for which the measurement results are not shown in the diagram. in Table 2 are more stringent than the demand may be for other materials, and an “error” of keeping to these levels will only give additional protection, although possibly at a price. As the levels in Table 1 and 2 are determined to be practically achievable, a general simplification of the approach to meet such “best standards” seems reasonable. It is important to note that the RH dependence of the tolerable levels in Table 1 and 2 are a simplification based on RH / T isoperms valid for paper material. This may not be appropriate for modern synthetic materials. The RH dependence may be different. The RH / T interdependence, from RH = 45% to RH = 65 %, in Eq. 4 and 5 was calculated to be a change of 1.2 °C for PUR and 1.4 °C for PES, using average values for the environmental parameters measured indoor in museums in the MASTER project and the 64 PUR and PES responses calculated from those values. The comparable temperature change in Table 1 varies from 2.6 to 2.8 °C. Thus, the humidity response of these synthetic polymers is about half that of paper. This can be accommodated in Table 1 by reducing the T / RH variation to this value. EWO assessment of degradation risk of modern synthetic materials – based on direct comparison. Another possible approach is to directly compare effects on the EWO with those on the modern synthetic polymers. To know if the effects can really be compared it is then necessary to know how the environment reacts with the modern synthetic polymers, preferably by detailed dose-response equations such as Eq. 4 and 5. A comparison of Eq. 1 and 2 for the EWO with Eq.
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
Page 13 and 14: uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
Page 15 and 16: need tons of cans to fully understa
Page 17 and 18: one of the first to be industrializ
Page 19 and 20: manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
Page 21 and 22: have very similar characteristics;
Page 23 and 24: MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
Page 25 and 26: 16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Collections containing pla
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
Page 31 and 32: diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
Page 33 and 34: Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
Page 35 and 36: Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
Page 38: Contributions
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 67 and 68: The EWO is available on direct orde
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
Page 84 and 85: % of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 86 and 87: % of very brittle objects (3 hand f
Page 88 and 89: lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
Page 90 and 91: Preservation of sponsored films Int
Page 92 and 93: In the case of A & B rolls the diff
Page 94 and 95: Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 96: Table 3 “The preservation route
Page 99 and 100: The scientific committee considered
Page 101 and 102: DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
Page 104 and 105: Developing a policy and procedure f
Page 106 and 107: at the (very) occasional public ope
Page 108 and 109: • the object’s current conditio
Page 110 and 111: Polymers in watches manufactured in
Page 112 and 113: as a result of the Watch Valley con
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Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
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of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
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USS Monitor conservation: preservin
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Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
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Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
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for us to think that the treatment
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certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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