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Table 3. Critical Surface Tensions of common plastics and metals Material Critical surface tension mN/m at 20ºC acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 35 acrylics 32 aluminium c. 500 cellulose (paper) 45 copper c.1000 cyanoacrylates (superglues) 37 epoxy 47 polyamide 46 polycarbonate 46 polyethylene 31 polyethylene terephthalate 43 polymethylmethacrylate 39 polystyrene 33 polytetrafluoroethylene 18 polyvinyl chloride 39 silicone 24 water 73 such as polyester to accommodate dimensional changes which occur with variations in relative humidity and temperature. An adhesive should have a surface tension lower than its intended adherend. It is difficult to find adhesives with lower critical surface tensions than those of plastics (Table 3). A dilute, water-based adhesive is unlikely to wet plastic because the surface tension of water is 73 mN/m compared with only 30-45 mN/m for most plastics. A surface contaminated with silicone (18 mN/m) from, say, waterproofing polish, will also be difficult to wet and subsequently to adhere. Plastics must be free of contaminants if adhesion is to succeed. Selection of an appropriate adhesive for joining industrial plastics is initially dependant on whether a structural or a non-structural material is required. If a structural adhesive is required, thermosetting adhesives such as epoxies, polyurethanes and acrylics are those most frequently chosen because they exhibit toughness and flexibility. Non-structural materials include pressure-sensitive, contact and hot-melt adhesives. Keynote speech Conclusion It is now indisputable that both early and modern plastics have a finite lifetime and will deteriorate. Because their degradation pathways are complex and often poorly understood, the preservation of plastics gives conservators and collectors nightmares. Once initiated, degradation of plastics cannot be prevented, reversed or stopped, but only inhibited or slowed. Slowing the rate of deterioration of most plastic types is achieved by storing objects in an appropriate microclimate which removes the main factors causing degradation including oxygen, acidic gases and moisture. Broad-spectrum, adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolites are currently used to achieve appropriate microclimates. They are inefficient and require frequent renewal. Pilot studies on the effect of cold storage on physical properties of selected plastics indicate that storage of plastics in a domestic freezer should be considered as an alternative. In addition to prolonging the lifetime of plastics materials, preservation of their appearance and significance is a requirement in museums, galleries and private collections. This area of conservation has been neglected due to the high sensitivity of plastics to cleaning agents, solvents, adhesives and consolidants. However, the risks of causing irreversible damage to plastics by interventive treatments can be minimised by adapting established adhesive and cleaning techniques from the plastics industry to meet conservation ethics. Applying tools such as solubility parameters and critical surface tension values would facilitate intelligent choices of conservation materials. Investment in time and resources to collaborate with the plastics industry who have experience of production of plastics is required now to develop more effective and less damaging techniques for conserving plastics in the future. 33
Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Researcher Department of Conservation National Museum of Denmark I.C. Modewegsvej - Brede DK - 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark email: yvonne.shashoua@natmus.<strong>dk</strong> References 1. Ward, P. (1997). Fantastic Plastic the kitsch collector’s guide. New Burlington Books, London 2. Brydson, J.A. (1999). Plastics Materials. 6 th edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford 3. Biefer, M. and Zgraggen, B.(1991). Prophecies no.27. Elwick Grover Aicken, Brighton 4. The Associated Press.(2007). 95 million pound sale of art gets European record for Sotheby´s [online]. Available from: http://www.iht. com/articles/ap/2007/02/06/arts/EU-A-E-ART- Britain-Art-Sale.php [Accessed 16 July 2007] 5. Morgan, J. (1994). A survey of plastics in historical collections . Plastics Historical Society and The Conservation Unit of Museums and Galleries Commission [online]. Available from: http://www.plastiquarian.com/ survey/survey.htm [Accessed 7 March 2007] 6. Grassie, N. (1966). Fundamental Chemistry of Polymer Degradation. In Weathering and Degradation of Plastics (S.H. Pinner, ed) London Columbine Press, pp1-13. 7. Quackenbos, H.M. (1954). Plasticizers in vinyl chloride resins’, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 46 (6), 1335-1341. 8. Van Oosten, T.(1999). Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Problems with plastics in contemporary art In Postprints of Modern Art: Who Cares? (U.Hummelen and D.Sillé, eds), The Foundation for the Conservation of Modern Art and the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam, pp. 158-163. 34 9. Hamrang, A.1994.Degradation and stabilisation of cellulose based plastics and artefacts, Ph.D. thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University. 10. Ligterink, L.J. (2002). Notes on the use of acid absorbents in storage of cellulose acetate-based materials. In Contributions to Conservation, Research in Conservation at the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (J.A. Mosk and N.H.Tennent eds.) pp.64-73, James and James. 11. Shashoua, Y.R. 2001. Inhibiting the degradation of plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) –a museum perspective. Ph.D. thesis, Danish Polymer Centre, Technical University of Denmark. 12. Beltran, M. and Marcilla, A. (1997). PVC plastisols decomposition by FTIR spectroscopy, European Polymer Journal.33 (8), 1271-1280. 13. Kerr, N. and Batcheller, J. (1993). Degradation of polyurethanes in 20 th -century museum textiles. In Postprints of Saving the Twentieth Century: The Conservation of Modern Materials Ottawa, 15-20 September 1991 (D. Grattan, ed) pp. 189-206. Canadian Conservation Institute. 14. Shashoua, Y.R. (2008). Conservation of Plastics-materials science, degradation and preservation. Elsevier, London, ISBN: 978-0- 7506-6495-0 15. Hatchfield, P.B. (2002). Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Publications. 16. Ram A.T et al. (1994). The Effects and Prevention of the Vinegar Syndrome. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 1, p.7. 17. Derrick, M., Stulik, D. and Ornendez, E. (1993). Deterioration of cellulose nitrate sculptures made by Gabo and Pevsner. In Postprints of Saving the Twentieth Century: The Conservation of Modern Materials Ottawa, 15-20 September 1991 (D. Grattan, ed), pp. 169-182. Canadian Conservation Institute. 18. Grattan,D.W. and Gilberg, M. (1991). Ageless ® oxygen absorber: chemical and physical properties. Studies in Conservation, 37, 267- 274.
Page 1 and 2: Preserving the evidence of industri
Page 3 and 4: Copyright: This publication is issu
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword ........
Page 8: Contributions KeynotespeaKers
Page 11 and 12: ”The control and disciplination o
Page 13 and 14: uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
Page 15 and 16: need tons of cans to fully understa
Page 17 and 18: one of the first to be industrializ
Page 19 and 20: manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
Page 21 and 22: have very similar characteristics;
Page 23 and 24: MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
Page 25 and 26: 16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Collections containing pla
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
Page 31 and 32: diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
Page 33: Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
Page 38: Contributions
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
Page 43 and 44: weaving, the imported machine spun
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
Page 47 and 48: Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
Page 49 and 50: 22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
Page 52 and 53: The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
Page 54 and 55: Prior to the St Just Coast Project
Page 56 and 57: shaft. Considering the considerable
Page 58: In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
Page 61 and 62: Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
Page 67 and 68: The EWO is available on direct orde
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
Page 71 and 72: 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
Page 73 and 74: Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
Page 76 and 77: Flameproofed textiles in museums an
Page 78 and 79: y strong acidity created as an effe
Page 80 and 81: textile fibres, especially those of
Page 82 and 83: Cold storage as an alternative to m
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% of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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% of very brittle objects (3 hand f
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lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
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Preservation of sponsored films Int
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In the case of A & B rolls the diff
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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 3 “The preservation route
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The scientific committee considered
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DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
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Developing a policy and procedure f
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at the (very) occasional public ope
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• the object’s current conditio
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Polymers in watches manufactured in
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as a result of the Watch Valley con
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Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
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of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
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USS Monitor conservation: preservin
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Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
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Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
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Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
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Table 3: Application, appearance an
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Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
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3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
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The choice of coating system depend
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Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
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Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
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Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
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Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
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problematic since the colliery clos
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Despite all our rational attempts a
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Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
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The conservation of a Victorian shi
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sold to the Falkland Islanders and
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Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
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Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
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Figure 21 View from bow after the w
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[3] Transactions of the Institute o
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38 in total, included on the Norweg
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published a new version of their fi
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Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
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Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
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Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
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Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
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2. Biological: Obvious biological h
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Finalizing Comments
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colliery engine house to have stain
Page 239 and 240:
for us to think that the treatment
Page 241 and 242:
certain product may quickly turn in
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Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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