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adioactive materials since 1995, and we currently have a Geiger counter and personal dosimeters for monitoring staff exposure. The Aviation Museum has radiation in the form of radium luminous devices, as well as in depleted uranium ballasts and in tritium emergency exit signs. The dials were the subject of a major project in 2008 to re-locate all of the devices to a secure storage location. The project began with a Health Canada inspection of the Bomarc Missile currently on display at the Aviation Museum. This was in response to documentation published in 2007 about the missile, and the likely presence of radioactive ballast. Health Canada personnel completed an inspection of the display area and also undertook an assessment of the storage rooms: taking both radiation and radon gas measurements. Their findings related to radon gas were sufficiently worrying to prompt a relocation of a staff member working in the room, and a plan to relocate all of the devices to a secure storage area. Radiation is one of the most worrying hazards in the collection, as it is not something easily identified or avoided. There can also be resistance from staff to working with radioactive materials. This, of course, is entirely valid unless precautions are taken to minimise risk and to monitor exposure at all times. The planning stage of the project at the Aviation Museum was undertaken in consultation with Health Canada and the Nuclear Safety Board of Canada; reports were generated and circulated to staff, however the information gathered was not disseminated in a way that staff was able to understand; and they therefore felt pressured to work in an environment that was harmful. It is important to remember that not everyone has the knowledge or physics background to understand the numerous terms used by radiation specialists, and some interpretation was in fact necessary to reassure staff. Personal dosimeters were acquired for all staff working with the materials, and in-house training in personal protection and safe handling of radioactive objects was also provided. Despite the fact that locating a number of luminous devices together increases the intensity of radioactivity in that one location, it was decided that this was the best method of restricting access and therefore decreasing the risk of exposure. It also meant that radon gas could be better monitored and safely vented. All dials were stored in compartmented corrugated polypropylene copolymer boxes, with the cracked or broken ones being placed in sealed polyethylene bags to contain any loose paint or fragments. This, in itself, presents an increased risk if further handling of the broken dials is required, since contamination can build up inside the bags and increase the harmful dose if the bags are opened. The boxes were then placed in storage cabinets in the secure, vented room. The space is regularly monitored for radiation levels, though not currently for radon gas. Other hazards identified 1. Physical and Mechanical: These are the most obvious type of hazard in any technological collection, and in many ways the easiest to deal with and avoid. At times, the sheer size and weight of artifacts can pose a hazard for moving, treating and displaying. Large agricultural, mining, or forestry artifacts often have cutting or sharp edges. Stored energy can be present in any size and in many ways: springs in clocks and music boxes, high capacity springs (e.g. aircraft propeller nuts), satellite stem antennas, and some medical implements such as scarificators, which may be inadvertently released. Stored energy is also present in examples of pressure: high pressure hydraulic systems (3000-5000 psi) in aircraft, high pressure steam in operating locomotives. Pneumatic tires of aircraft, particularly modern ones, require very high pressure. More mundane items which can pose physical threats include light bulbs and vacuum tubes. Explosives occur in such things as safety flares, ammunition, firearms, explosive charges for fire extinguisher systems, ejector seats or canopies and jettison tanks in aircraft. Most explosive charges in aircraft are identified by warning signs or labels; however many are hidden such as in extinguishers or in wartime aircraft radios such as in the Mosquito. 229
2. Biological: Obvious biological hazards such as moulds and bacteria from animal excrement are of concern in the collection of the Agriculture Museum. Many objects come to the Museum in a state of “last use”, often dirty and infested; frequently neglected. Mould can be present on any artifact; paper, books, leather, wood, even metals with organic coatings. Less obvious are the bacteria found in old fuels and lubricants, or contaminants to be found on medical implements. Depending on the age, blood products can be assumed to be harmless; but some strains of viruses and anthrax can survive in dried blood or tissue. 3. Chemical and Mineral: These are by far the most numerous type of hazard in our collection. The list of substances that we have encountered so far is extensive; and no doubt there are things we have yet to identify. Most of these substances, if deemed toxic, must be contained or disposed of according to health and safety regulations. To this end, an agreement with a reputable disposal agency must be in place, and all waste products must be properly contained and labeled. In this category we can include pesticides and fungicides present in agricultural technology, chemical residues in industrial processing equipment, solvents from printing or photographic developing, scientific experiments or old pharmaceuticals; fire extinguisher contents; refrigerants in domestic technology artifacts or cooling systems; aerosols; cellulose nitrate film; batteries containing acids or alkalis; PCBs; and minerals such as asbestos, cadmium, mercury and lead. Batteries: There are hundreds of different types of batteries, and many different types of electrolytes. Older zinc-carbon batteries used a carbon paste which poses little danger to the conservator, though may be corrosive to metals. Lead acid batteries containing sulfuric acid and wet-cell batteries filled with sodium hydroxide obviously do pose a threat. Modern batteries which use heavy metals as their electrodes are beginning to enter the Museum’s collection. Nickel, cadmium, lithium and mercury are extremely toxic substances, particularly if the 230 conservator becomes involved in “neutralizing” these battery cells. Beryllium copper is a specialized metal, found in our collection on space technology artifacts. It is a blood poison, and poses a threat if in contact with blood, for example through a cut. Cadmium as a protective layer on metal components in communication artifacts especially can pose a problem when that layer begins to corrode and becomes powdery and friable. Usually the quantities of cadmium dust are small; but in the case of an experimental WWII military radar truck in our collection, the quantity present and the advanced stage of corrosion combined to create a hazardous working environment. Samples of the pale yellow dust on all interior surfaces, were tested at the Canadian Conservation Institute, and identified as cadmium formate salt; the product of exposure to formaldehyde or formic acid vapours present in the form of various “waterproof” polymeric materials such as flooring, insulation, and furnishings. Fire Extinguishers were invented in the late 19 th Century, and initially used a combination of concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium bicarbonate solution. The carbon tetrachloride extinguisher was invented in 1912 and was popular in automobiles due to its efficacy on liquid and electrical fires. Chlorobromomethane (CBM) was invented in the 1940s in Germany for use in aircraft and was used until 1969. Methyl Bromide was discovered in the 1920s and used extensively in Europe until the 1960s. [3] Lead is present in a collection of technological artifacts in paints, model parts, bearings, and the inside of exhausts on vehicles. Oxidized lead is friable and easily inhaled. Pesticides and fungicides are commonly found in agricultural technology, whether as residues or in some cases as unused packages. Seeds were often treated with liquid or dry chemicals to prevent disease and decay. Residues of these chemicals are found inside seed hoppers, seed treaters, and seed storage containers. Pesticides used for the eradication of insect blight are found in historic insect sprayers and dusters. The Pest Management Regulatory Agency, a division of Health Canada, has a list of all registered and
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
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Contributions
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Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
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weaving, the imported machine spun
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Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
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Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
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22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
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The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
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Prior to the St Just Coast Project
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shaft. Considering the considerable
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In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
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Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
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Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
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Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
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The EWO is available on direct orde
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Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
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3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
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Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
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Flameproofed textiles in museums an
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y strong acidity created as an effe
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textile fibres, especially those of
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Cold storage as an alternative to m
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% of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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% of very brittle objects (3 hand f
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lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
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Preservation of sponsored films Int
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In the case of A & B rolls the diff
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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 3 “The preservation route
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The scientific committee considered
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DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
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Developing a policy and procedure f
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at the (very) occasional public ope
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• the object’s current conditio
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Polymers in watches manufactured in
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as a result of the Watch Valley con
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Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
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of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
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USS Monitor conservation: preservin
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Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
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Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
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Protection of iron and steel in ind
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provided by the manufacturers indic
Page 180 and 181: Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
Page 182 and 183: Table 3: Application, appearance an
Page 184 and 185: Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
Page 186: 3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
Page 189 and 190: The choice of coating system depend
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
Page 194 and 195: Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
Page 196 and 197: Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
Page 198 and 199: Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
Page 200 and 201: problematic since the colliery clos
Page 202 and 203: Despite all our rational attempts a
Page 204 and 205: Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
Page 206 and 207: The conservation of a Victorian shi
Page 208 and 209: sold to the Falkland Islanders and
Page 210 and 211: Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
Page 212 and 213: Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
Page 214 and 215: Figure 21 View from bow after the w
Page 216: [3] Transactions of the Institute o
Page 219 and 220: 38 in total, included on the Norweg
Page 221 and 222: published a new version of their fi
Page 223 and 224: Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
Page 225 and 226: Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
Page 227 and 228: Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front
Page 229: Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
Page 234: Finalizing Comments
Page 237 and 238: colliery engine house to have stain
Page 239 and 240: for us to think that the treatment
Page 241 and 242: certain product may quickly turn in
Page 244: Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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