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Hazards in industrial collections of the Canada Science and Technology Museum Corporation Ottawa, Canada The Canada Science and Technology Museum Corporation consists of three major collections: those of the Canada Agriculture Museum, the Canada Aviation Museum, and the Museum of Science and Technology. This paper offers a brief overview of the hazards encountered so far, in the diverse collections of these three institutions. The nature of technological artifacts, being on the forefront of innovation and advances in material science, means that the dangers or stability problems we understand today, were not well known or anticipated at the time of invention or common use. Today, our knowledge of toxicity and exposure hazards far exceeds that of the original users of these artifacts. Conservators and museum personnel are required to interact with these objects both for storage and treatment, and to make them safe for display or research. The following discussion will describe five major projects undertaken at the CSTMC related to hazard management, followed by an overview of other hazards identified according to three broad categories: 1. physical and mechanical hazards, 2. biological, and 3. chemical and mineral. Large Projects at the CSTMC: 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 2. Asbestos 3. Mercury 4. Explosive squibs and methyl bromide fire extinguishers 5. Radiation 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used historically as coolants and insulating fluids for transformers and capacitors, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings, pesticide extenders, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids, caulkings, adhesives, paints and carbonless copy paper. PCBs are a persistent bioaccumulative pollutant with low water solubility and high thermal resistance. They are classified under the Stockholm Convention of 1995, as a persistent organic pollutant. They were first identified as a risk by our Conservation Division in 1992 during treatment of an X-ray machine. The transformers of these early machines sometimes contained large volumes of coolant oil and so consequently, all of the x-ray units in the collection were assessed and the oils Figure 1: x-ray machine c. 1925 sue warren 225
Figure 2: 6200 locomotive on front lawn of the Museum 1989. tested. Of a total of 16 machines, 9 tested positive for PCBs, with only 2 having concentrations over the allowable limit. The early computer collection was also found to be a major source of PCB contaminated oils; as the cooling systems in these machines also required large quantities of oil. In Canada, there is a legislated allowable limit of 50 ppm, above which the material is classified as hazardous. It is illegal to transport PCBs on public roads, requiring a special hazardous materials transport license. Shipping companies contracted to move artifacts containing PCBs must be notified, as there is a high probability of leakage in historic objects. Simple identification procedures for PCBs do exist: generally PCB fluids are viscous and dark (the higher chlorinated ones are darker); PCBs have a characteristically acrid smell; and they are more dense than water, so that a drop of the fluid will sink to the bottom of a beaker of water. These tests are qualitative, and must be followed by chemical analysis 226 to determine the concentration of contaminants. All contaminated fluids and materials must be labeled and disposed of by a licensed disposal company. 2. Asbestos. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral with long thin fibrous crystals. It was widely used in industrial applications particularly in locomotives, ships, and other large machinery, as well as auto and rail brake pads; and flame retardants in buildings, appliances and vehicles. The friable fibres are a severe inhalation hazard and a known carcinogen. It has been a regulated substance in the United Kingdom since the 1930s; and in the U.S. since the 1940s. There are two mineral groups of asbestos: the Serpentine group which includes chrysotile (white); and the Amphibole group (blue, brown and grey). All of the minerals in the Amphibole group have been banned in the Western World since the mid 1980s. Chrysotile asbestos continues to be used in many countries, though there is currently a ban in the EU and in Australia. Chrysotile asbestos accounts for about 95% of asbestos found in the construction industry in North America. Because the fibres are curly, it can be spun
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Preserving the evidence of industri
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Copyright: This publication is issu
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Contributions KeynotespeaKers
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”The control and disciplination o
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uildings of this age. To sum up: Th
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need tons of cans to fully understa
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one of the first to be industrializ
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manufacture of billiard balls. Hyat
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have very similar characteristics;
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MACHINERIES were introduced, but al
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16) Goodman N., Langages de l’art
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Table 1. Collections containing pla
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Figure 2: A pile of transparent cel
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diisocyanate such as diphenylmethan
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Figure 7: Environmental Stress Crac
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Author Yvonne Shashoua Senior Resea
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Contributions
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Figure 1. H.A. Brendekilde, Odense
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weaving, the imported machine spun
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Figure 2. T. Kloss. Den danske eska
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Annemette B. Scharff, MSc. The Roya
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22. Eckersberg diaries, 29.7.1834:
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The St Just Coast Project 1995 - 20
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Prior to the St Just Coast Project
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shaft. Considering the considerable
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In 2005 the slipway at Cape Cornwal
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Figure 1: The EWO dosimeter holder
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Figure 2: EWO results reporting dia
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Figure 3: Correlation of EWO respon
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The EWO is available on direct orde
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Figure 2. Nature is back at coking
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3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 70 Figure 3a-e Being
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Table 2. Case studies location Hatt
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Flameproofed textiles in museums an
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y strong acidity created as an effe
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textile fibres, especially those of
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Cold storage as an alternative to m
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% of objects 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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% of very brittle objects (3 hand f
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lie in the range of 20-25 euros per
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Preservation of sponsored films Int
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In the case of A & B rolls the diff
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Table 2. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 3 “The preservation route
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The scientific committee considered
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DSCF 1304 Preservation of mass-prod
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Developing a policy and procedure f
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at the (very) occasional public ope
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• the object’s current conditio
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Polymers in watches manufactured in
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as a result of the Watch Valley con
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Figure 6. The Astrolon Watch “Ide
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of status of the watch is obvious i
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[26] Bergeon, S. Ethique et conserv
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Gramophones and Records - the first
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Record manufacturing process 1925-1
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Gramophones The reproducing machine
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Pickups (and cutterheads) are very
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USS Monitor conservation: preservin
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Figure 1: X-radiograph mosaic of US
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Figure 4: Detail of ventilation uni
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Figure 8: Detail of Monitor’s pac
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Authors Eric Nordgren, David Krop,
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Figure 2. The Ducretet inductor coi
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During its time in storage at the N
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Figure 8. Wigmore Castle after cons
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[14]Henderson, J. And P. Manti (200
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The instability of iron when subjec
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Fig. 2 Rust stains on the too-thinl
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Fig. 4 Some bicycles in use and in
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5. Conservation options: Preserving
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Another look at painted finishes on
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the currency of the finishes. The w
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Figure 3 WW2 airplane with newly-pa
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paint chips that are simulated with
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Notes: 1. There are a few notable e
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Industrially produced paint and the
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twentieth century. In the same peri
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table 1. cont. Styrenebutadiene or
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Figure 3. “A useful play!” is t
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Author Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia Den
Page 176 and 177: Protection of iron and steel in ind
Page 178 and 179: provided by the manufacturers indic
Page 180 and 181: Table 2: Suppliers for selected pro
Page 182 and 183: Table 3: Application, appearance an
Page 184 and 185: Figure 5: Impedance versus frequenc
Page 186: 3. Hollner, S., Mirambet, F., Rocca
Page 189 and 190: The choice of coating system depend
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4. Dockside crane No.16 Orth
Page 194 and 195: Recovering the Icon ? The restorati
Page 196 and 197: Fig 3: Early 20th century photograp
Page 198 and 199: Fig 8: New mercury-vapor rectifiers
Page 200 and 201: problematic since the colliery clos
Page 202 and 203: Despite all our rational attempts a
Page 204 and 205: Author Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Tempel, L
Page 206 and 207: The conservation of a Victorian shi
Page 208 and 209: sold to the Falkland Islanders and
Page 210 and 211: Figure 9. Fort Brockhurst Bridge -
Page 212 and 213: Figure 13 Artist’s impression of
Page 214 and 215: Figure 21 View from bow after the w
Page 216: [3] Transactions of the Institute o
Page 219 and 220: 38 in total, included on the Norweg
Page 221 and 222: published a new version of their fi
Page 223 and 224: Figure 4. The turbines, one origina
Page 225: Author Vigdis Vingelsgaard Conserva
Page 229 and 230: Figure 4: Methyl bromide extinguish
Page 231 and 232: 2. Biological: Obvious biological h
Page 234: Finalizing Comments
Page 237 and 238: colliery engine house to have stain
Page 239 and 240: for us to think that the treatment
Page 241 and 242: certain product may quickly turn in
Page 244: Organising committee anDersen, vivi
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